ReviewJournal of immunology research2015
IL-21: a pleiotropic cytokine with potential applications in oncology.
Review in Journal of immunology research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Axicabtagene ciloleucel in combination with rituximab for refractory large B cell lymphoma: the phase 2, single-arm ZUMA-14 trial.Nature cancer · 2026Trial
- Natural killer cells against viral infection: from basic biology to immunotherapy.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- The role of immunotherapy in targeting tumor microenvironment in genitourinary cancers.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Frontiers of cytokine engineering in CAR cell therapy for cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Synergistic anticancer effects of interleukin-21 combined with therapeutic peptides in multiple cancer cells.Biotechnology letters · 2024Article
- Review
- IL15 and IL21: Better When Membrane-Tethered Together on Antitumor T Cells.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Article
- Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Expression of Transcriptional Factors of T Helper Differentiation (T-bet, GATA-3, RORγt, and FOXP3), MIF Receptors (CD44, CD74, CXCR2, 4, 7), and Th1, Th2, and Th17 Cytokines in PBMC from Control Subjects and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.Current molecular medicine · 2024Article
- Engineered murine IL-21-secreting leukemia cells induce granzyme BCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2023Article
- Role of Interleukin(IL)-6 in NK Activity to Hypoxic-Induced Highly Invasive Hepatocellular Carcinoma(HCC) Cells.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- EBV dUTPase: A Novel Modulator of Inflammation and the Tumor Microenvironment in EBV-Associated Malignancies.Cancers · 2023Review
- Potentiation of natural killer cells to overcome cancer resistance to NK cell-based therapy and to enhance antibody-based immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Combination of Expanded Allogeneic NK Cells and T Cell-Based Immunotherapy Exert Enhanced Antitumor Effects.Cancers · 2022Article
- Article
- Alignment of practices for data harmonization across multi-center cell therapy trials: a report from the Consortium for Pediatric Cellular Immunotherapy.Cytotherapy · 2022Article
- Overcoming tumor resistance mechanisms in CAR-NK cell therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates the activity of both innate and specific immunity. Indeed, it costimulates T and natural killer (NK) cell proliferation and function and regulates B cell survival and differentiation and the function of dendritic cells. In addition, IL-21 exerts divergent effects on different lymphoid cell leukemia and lymphomas, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the neoplastic lymphoid cells. Several preclinical studies showed that IL-21 has antitumor activity in different tumor models, through mechanism involving the activation of NK and T or B cell responses. Moreover, IL-21's antitumor activity can be potentiated by its combination with other immune-enhancing molecules, monoclonal antibodies recognizing tumor antigens, chemotherapy, or molecular targeted agents. Clinical phase I-II studies of IL-21 in cancer patients showed immune stimulatory properties, acceptable toxicity profile, and antitumor effects in a fraction of patients. In view of its tolerability, IL-21 is also suitable for combinational therapeutic regimens with other agents. This review will summarize the biological functions of IL-21, and address its role in lymphoid malignancies and preclinical and clinical studies of cancer immunotherapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.