ArticleBioMed research international2015
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ Promotes High Glucose-Induced M1 Macrophage Switching to M2 via the VDR-PPARγ Signaling Pathway.
Article in BioMed research international, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- IRF2 exacerbates diabetic neuropathic pain by promoting high glucose-induced M1 polarization through IL-6/STAT3.Genes & genomics · 2026Article
- Vitamin D Receptor-Macrophage-IL-23 Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Hope.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- PPAR-γ, RXR-α, and VDR Expression in Gingival Tissues of Patients with Grade B and Grade C Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Immunohistochemistry Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Roles of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD).Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- Beyond bones, vitamin D as a sunshine hormone in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.iScience · 2026Review
- Vitamin D and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Clinical Guidance for GVHD Management and Post-Transplant Outcomes.Cancers · 2026Review
- Vitamin D and exercise in obesity: a neurovascular-muscle axis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Vitamin DFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A preclinical investigation into the potential associations of geraniin with ulcerative colitis alleviation through integrated multi-omics andFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The role of pancreatic islet macrophages in type 2 diabetes mellitus: from underlying pathological mechanisms to therapeutic target discovery.Metabolism open · 2025Review
- Exploring the protective role of DDIT4/mTOR in podocyte integrity through macrophage polarization in diabetic kidney disease.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Combined Use of Vitamin D and DPP-4 Inhibitors as a Potential Adjuvant Treatment Strategy to Enhance the Efficacy of Novel Beta-Cell Replacement Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Macrophages at the Crossroads of Chronic Stress and Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The potential role of 1,25(OH)Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Review
- The Impact of Vitamin D in the Prevention of Influenza, COVID-19, and Dengue: A Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin DWorld journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2025Article
- 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 improves non-alcoholic steatohepatitis phenotype in a diet-induced rat model.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Suramin blocked hCAP18/LL-37-induced macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of 1,25(OH)Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Vitamin D 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin DWorld journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2024Article
- Vitamin D Supplementation as a Therapeutic Strategy in Autoimmune Diabetes: Insights and Implications for LADA Management.Nutrients · 2024Review
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages, especially their activation state, are closely related to the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Classically activated macrophages (M1) are proinflammatory effectors, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2) exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has renoprotective roles that extend beyond the regulation of mineral metabolism, and PPARγ, a nuclear receptor, is essential for macrophage polarization. The present study investigates the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on macrophage activation state and its underlying mechanism in RAW264.7 cells. We find that, under high glucose conditions, RAW264.7 macrophages tend to switch to the M1 phenotype, expressing higher iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα and IL-12. While 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 significantly inhibited M1 activation, it enhanced M2 macrophage activation; namely, it upregulated the expression of MR, Arg-1, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 but downregulated the M1 markers. However, the above effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were abolished when the expression of VDR and PPARγ was inhibited by VDR siRNA and a PPARγ antagonist. In addition, PPARγ was also decreased upon treatment with VDR siRNA. The above results demonstrate that active vitamin D promoted M1 phenotype switching to M2 via the VDR-PPARγ pathway.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.