ReviewClinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)2015
The gut microbiome in autoimmunity: Sex matters.
Review in Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut microbiome differences by serostatus in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Genetic strategies for sex-biased persistence of gut microbes across human life.Nature communications · 2023Pooled it
- Sex differences in vancomycin-resistant enterococci bloodstream infections-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2021Pooled it
- Dietary Factors and Modulation of Bacteria Strains ofNutrients · 2019Pooled it
- Dendritic cell vaccines targeting tumor blood vessel antigens in combination with dasatinib induce therapeutic immune responses in patients with checkpoint-refractory advanced melanoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Trial
- Sex, Sex Hormones and Inflammatory Burden and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Spondyloarthritis.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Article
- Clinical Guidance and Practical Recommendations for Probiotic Use in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Constipation, andJournal of neurogastroenterology and motility · 2026Review
- Clinical guidance and practical recommendations for probiotic use in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, functional constipation, and Clostridioides difficile infection considering sex-based differences: a Korean translation.Ewha medical journal · 2026Article
- Sex hormones and gender differences in immune responses and anticancer immunity: a comprehensive review.Biologia futura · 2026Review
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- A clinical care pathway for managing pregnancy in patients with inflammatory arthritis.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Review
- Microbiome-orchestrated cross-organ immunity in autoimmunity: from metabolites to therapeutic targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Tuber intake is independently associated with reduced risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a community-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Intestinal microbiome diversity and disparity between wild and captive endangered Asian elephants (Elephas maximus indicus) in southern India.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2025Article
- Characteristics of the gut microbiome of Swiss elite athletes with a spinal cord injury: An exploratory study.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2025Article
- Gut Microbes as the Major Drivers of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Our Microbes Are Our Fortune!Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Critical illness and sex hormones: response and impact of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- Perinatal factors influencing the earliest establishment of the infant microbiome.Microbiome research reports · 2025Article
- The influence of sex-specific factors on biological transformations and health outcomes in aging processes.Biogerontology · 2024Review
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis are multifactorial in nature, requiring both genetic and environmental factors for onset. Increased predisposition of females to a wide range of autoimmune diseases points to a gender bias in the multifactorial etiology of these disorders. However, the existing evidence to date has not provided any conclusive mechanism of gender-bias beyond the role of hormones and sex chromosomes. The gut microbiome, which impacts the innate and adaptive branches of immunity, not only influences the development of autoimmune disorders but may interact with sex-hormones to modulate disease progression and sex-bias. Here, we review the current information on gender bias in autoimmunity and discuss the potential of microbiome-derived biomarkers to help unravel the complex interplay between genes, environment and hormones in rheumatoid arthritis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.