SynthesisEnvironmental health perspectives2015
Association of Supply Type with Fecal Contamination of Source Water and Household Stored Drinking Water in Developing Countries: A Bivariate Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Environmental health perspectives, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of indicators of pathogenic bacteria in households drinking water in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fecal Contamination and Inadequate Treatment of Packaged Water.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- The Impact and Sustainability of Multisector Interventions to Improve Water Quality and Food Safety in Complex Environments: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Northern Uganda.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Trial
- Antimicrobial-resistance in clinically harmful bacteria contaminating household drinking water in Eastern Uganda highlights urgent need for enhanced antibiotic resistance stewardship.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Fecal contamination of drinking water from source to point of use and associated factors among households in Debre-Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2026Article
- Transmission of fecal contamination to stored drinking water in unplanned settlements in Lusaka.Journal of water and health · 2025Article
- Perinatal colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria among home births in Bangladesh.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Identifying predictors ofEnvironmental science : water research & technology · 2024Article
- Seasonal Variations in Household Water Use, Microbiological Water Quality, and Challenges to the Provision of Adequate Drinking Water: A Case of Peri-urban and Informal Settlements of Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia.Environmental health insights · 2024Article
- Multiscalar Evaluation of the Water Distribution System and Diarrheal Disease Risk in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria and Multidrug-ResistantHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Factors that influence safe water drinking practices among older persons in slums of Kampala: Analyzing disparities in boiling water.PloS one · 2023Article
- A baseline study of spatial variability of bacteria (total coliform, E. coli, and Enterococcus spp.) as biomarkers of pollution in ten tropical Atlantic beaches: concern for environmental and public health.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Monitoring Drinking Water Quality in Nationally Representative Household Surveys in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Cross-Sectional Analysis of 27 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2014-2020.Environmental health perspectives · 2021Article
- Attributes of drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene associated with microbiological water quality of stored drinking water in rural schools in Mozambique and Uganda.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2021Article
- The challenges of monitoring and controlling drinking-water quality in dispersed rural areas: a case study based on two settlements in the Colombian Caribbean.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2021Article
- Housing Quality in a Rural and an Urban Settlement in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Seasonality of drinking water sources and the impact of drinking water source on enteric infections among children in Limpopo, South Africa.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2021Article
- The utility of Escherichia coli as a contamination indicator for rural drinking water: Evidence from whole genome sequencing.PloS one · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAccess to safe drinking water is essential for health. Monitoring access to drinking water focuses on water supply type at the source, but there is limited evidence on whether quality differences at the source persist in water stored in the household.
objectivesWe assessed the extent of fecal contamination at the source and in household stored water (HSW) and explored the relationship between contamination at each sampling point and water supply type.
methodsWe performed a bivariate random-effects meta-analysis of 45 studies, identified through a systematic review, that reported either the proportion of samples free of fecal indicator bacteria and/or individual sample bacteria counts for source and HSW, disaggregated by supply type.
resultsWater quality deteriorated substantially between source and stored water. The mean percentage of contaminated samples (noncompliance) at the source was 46% (95% CI: 33, 60%), whereas mean noncompliance in HSW was 75% (95% CI: 64, 84%). Water supply type was significantly associated with noncompliance at the source (p < 0.001) and in HSW (p = 0.03). Source water (OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.5) and HSW (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8) from piped supplies had significantly lower odds of contamination compared with non-piped water, potentially due to residual chlorine.
conclusionsPiped water is less likely to be contaminated compared with other water supply types at both the source and in HSW. A focus on upgrading water services to piped supplies may help improve safety, including for those drinking stored water.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.