ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2015
Prevalence of bacterial febrile illnesses in children in Kilosa district, Tanzania.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Leptospirosis Seroprevalence in Humans and Livestock of East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2000-2024).Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Pooled it
- Leptospirosis in humans and selected animals in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2014-2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of Leptospirosis in HIV uninfected and in people living with HIV from the Southern African Development Community.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the aetiological agents of non-malarial febrile illnesses in Africa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Epidemiology of leptospirosis in Tanzania: A review of the current status, serogroup diversity and reservoirs.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Systematic review of brucellosis in Kenya: disease frequency in humans and animals and risk factors for human infection.BMC public health · 2016Pooled it
- Detection of pathogens associated with acute febrile illness in children under five years of age in rural Tanzania.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Detection and Determinants ofPublic health challenges · 2025Article
- Spatial patterns of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis in north-eastern Peninsular Malaysia, 2016-2023.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Leptospirosis Cases among Outpatients with Non-Malaria Fever Attending Primary Care Clinics during the Rainy Season in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Prevalence and risk factors for human leptospirosis at a hospital serving a pastoralist community, Endulen, Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Pillars for successful operationalization of one health as an ecosystem approach: experience from a human-animal interface in the Maasai steppe in Tanzania.One health outlook · 2023Article
- Seroepidemiology of Leptospira serovar Hardjo and associated risk factors in smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Facing the Human and Animal Brucellosis Conundrums: The Forgotten Lessons.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis: specific IgG3/IgG1 isotyping may further inform diagnosis of acute disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Knowledge, attitude and practices of frontline health workers in relation to detection of brucellosis in rural settings of Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.One health outlook · 2022Article
- Typhoid perforation in children below 5 years: a 10-year review of cases managed and outcome.Pediatric surgery international · 2022Article
- Prevalence and risk factors of human brucellosis and malaria among patients with fever in malaria-endemic areas, attending health institutes in Awra and Gulina district, Afar Region, Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionBacterial etiologies of non-malaria febrile illnesses have significantly become important due to high mortality and morbidity, particularly in children. Despite their importance, there are few reports on the epidemiology of these diseases in Tanzania, and the true burden of such illnesses remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of leptospirosis, brucellosis, typhoid fever and urinary tract infections and their rate of co-infections with malaria.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at Kilosa district hospital in Tanzania for 6 months. Febrile children aged from 2-13 years were recruited from the outpatient department. Patients were screened by serological tests such as IgM and IgG ELISA, and microscopic agglutination test.
resultsA total of 370 patients were enrolled; of these 85 (23.0%) had malaria parasites, 43 (11.6%) had presumptive acute leptospirosis and 26/200 (13%) had confirmed leptospirosis. Presumptive acute brucellosis due to B. abortus was identified among 26 (7.0%) of patients while B. melitensis was detected in 57 (15.4%) of the enrolled patients. Presumptive typhoid fever due to S. Typhi was identified in thirty eight (10.3%) of the participants and 69 (18.6%) had urinary tract infections. Patients presented with similar symptoms; therefore, the identification of these diseases could not be done based on clinical ground alone. Co-infections between malaria and bacterial febrile illnesses were observed in 146 patients (39.5%). Although antibacterials and/or anti-malarials were prescribed in most patients, some patients did not receive the appropriate treatment.
conclusionThe study has underscored the importance of febrile bacterial diseases including zoonoses such as leptospirosis and brucellosis in febrile children, and thus such illnesses should be considered by clinicians in the differential diagnoses of febrile diseases. However, access to diagnostic tests for discrimination of febrile illnesses is needed. This would allow febrile patients to receive the correct diagnoses and facilitation of accurate and prompt treatment.
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