ArticleMultiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)2015
Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study.
Article in Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin, antioxidant and micronutrient supplementation and the risk of developing incident autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Association of Vitamin D Polygenic Risk Scores and Disease Outcome in People With Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamin D in early life and later risk of multiple sclerosis-A systematic review, meta-analysis.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Exploring causal correlations between oily fish intake and multiple sclerosis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Demyelinating disorders in women: epidemiology, immunology, and clinical implications across MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Neurological complications due to copper deficiency in the context of Wilson disease treatment: a case report with long-term follow-up and review of the literature.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Review
- Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Development: A Review of Potential Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Review
- The role of diet in multiple sclerosis onset and course: results from a nationwide retrospective birth-year cohort.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Article
- Risk factors for multiple sclerosis in the context of Epstein-Barr virus infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Association of adverse childhood experiences with the development of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2022Article
- Visual analysis of the research trend and status on the association between vitamin D and immunity: From 2012 to 2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators: Emerging Therapeutic Candidates for Multiple Sclerosis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2021Review
- Seafood, fatty acid biosynthesis genes, and multiple sclerosis susceptibility.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2020Article
- Environmental and genetic risk factors for MS: an integrated review.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2019Review
- Lifestyle and Environmental Factors in Multiple Sclerosis.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2019Review
- Familial risk of early- and late-onset multiple sclerosis: a Swedish nationwide study.Journal of neurology · 2019Article
- CYP27A1, CYP24A1, and RXR-α Polymorphisms, Vitamin D, and Multiple Sclerosis: a Pilot Study.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLow vitamin D levels have been associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), although it remains unknown whether this relationship varies by age.
objectiveThe objective of this paper is to investigate the association between vitamin D3 supplementation through cod liver oil at different postnatal ages and MS risk.
methodsIn the Norwegian component of the multinational case-control study Environmental Factors In Multiple Sclerosis (EnvIMS), a total of 953 MS patients with maximum disease duration of 10 years and 1717 controls reported their cod liver oil use from childhood to adulthood.
resultsSelf-reported supplement use at ages 13-18 was associated with a reduced risk of MS (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.52-0.86), whereas supplementation during childhood was not found to alter MS risk (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.81-1.26), each compared to non-use during the respective period. An inverse association was found between MS risk and the dose of cod liver oil during adolescence, suggesting a dose-response relationship (p trend = 0.001) with the strongest effect for an estimated vitamin D3 intake of 600-800 IU/d (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.31-0.70).
conclusionsThese findings not only support the hypothesis relating to low vitamin D as a risk factor for MS, but further point to adolescence as an important susceptibility period for adult-onset MS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.