ArticleBMC psychiatry2015
Direct and indirect exposure to violence and psychological distress among civil servants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a prospective cohort study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Procedural justice, managerial leadership and gender-based harassment in the workplace: longitudinal cross-lagged associations in a Swedish cohort.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- The link between exposure to violence and psychological distress among middle-aged Muslims in Israel: the role of gender.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Association between workplace bullying and common mental disorders in civil servants from a middle-income country.Industrial health · 2022Article
- Mental Health Outcomes Among Civil Servants Aiding in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Control.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Social comorbidities? A qualitative study mapping syndemic theory onto gender-based violence and co-occurring social phenomena among Brazilian women.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Study protocol of personal characteristics and socio-cultural factors associated with mental health and quality of life of residents living in violent territories.BMC psychiatry · 2020Article
- A Mental Health Survey of Different Ethnic and Occupational Groups in Xinjiang, China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- ERICA: prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescents.Revista de saude publica · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImportant social and economic changes accompanying the recent fast rate of urbanization have been considered a major factor in triggering and sustaining urban violence in Brazil. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of exposure to direct, indirect, and contextual violence on the risk of psychological distress.
methodsProspective longitudinal study carried out among 3,058 civil servants working at university campuses in Rio de Janeiro. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire, and exposure to individual violence was assessed as direct (DV), indirect (IV), and both direct and indirect (DIV). Contextual violence was assessed through the geocoding of residential addresses of study participants and the rates of homicides in 2005 at the corresponding weighting area. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate individual and contextual correlates of psychological distress.
resultsExposure to DIV increased more than six times (95% CI 2.7-16.0) the odds of psychological distress occurrence at the six-year follow-up. Regarding persistence of psychological distress, the association with violence exposure was 1.6 (95% CI 1.0-2.4) for DV and 2.7 (95% CI 1.3-5.3) for IV. Contextual violence was not associated with psychological distress, and no interaction effect was found between exposure to individual and contextual violence in the occurrence/persistence of psychological distress.
conclusionsResults of this study highlight the importance of assessing multiple forms of violence in research on the social determinants of mental disorders and support the view that individual exposure to different forms of violence increases the risk of psychological distress.
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