ArticleMenopause (New York, N.Y.)2015
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in women with hot flashes.
Article in Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dimensionality of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a systematic review.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2018Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Hormone Replacement Combined With Escitalopram in the Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Perimenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Trial
- Psychometric and Structural Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index among Filipino Domestic Workers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Trial
- The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review.International journal of women's health · 2026Review
- Structural and functional alterations in postmenopausal women with insomnia: an MRI study of Eight-Section Vajra Exercise intervention effects.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Factors influencing sleep disorders in perimenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Sleep Disorders in Women: What Should a Gynecologist Know?Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2024Article
- Research status of hormone replacement therapy on mood and sleep quality in menopausal women.World journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- An empirical comparison of sleep-specific versus generic quality of life instruments among Australians with sleep disorders.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Comparison of factor structures of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index between mid- and late pregnancy among Korean women: a cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Sleep Self-Report and Actigraphy Measures in Healthy Midlife Women: Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2022Article
- Correlation between Sleep Quality and Frailty Status among Middle-Aged and Older Taiwanese People: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Ethnicity Differences in Sleep Changes Among Prehypertensive Adults Using a Smartphone Meditation App: Dose-Response Trial.JMIR formative research · 2020Article
- Lights on MsFLASH: a review of contributions.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Review
- Article
- Sleep and Methylation of Estrogen Receptor Genes,Nature and science of sleep · 2020Article
- Validity, cut-points, and minimally important differences for two hot flash-related daily interference scales.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWomen, especially those with hot flashes, report poor sleep quality during various stages of the menopausal transition and postmenopause. Sleep measurements vary widely because of the copious instruments available. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a frequently used questionnaire that produces a single score for sleep quality. This one-factor structure has not received consistent support in the literature. The goal of this analysis was to determine the best factor structure of the PSQI in women with hot flashes.
methodsA confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on PSQI baseline data from three randomized controlled clinical trials enrolling perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with hot flashes (N = 849) from the Menopause Strategies: Finding Lasting Answers for Symptoms and Health network. Several a priori factor models were compared.
resultsOne-factor and two-factor models did not fit the data. A three-factor model comprising sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality, and daily disturbance showed good fit; however, the sleep medication item was dropped because of poor fit and low rates of sleep medication use. The three-factor model was examined in African-American and white subsamples and was found to be similar in both groups; however, two items showed small group differences in strength as indicators.
conclusionsSleep quality in midlife women with hot flashes, as measured by the PSQI, seems to comprise three correlated factors. Minor measurement differences detected between groups are of research interest but do not necessitate different scoring practices. Additional research is needed to further define sleep quality and its associations with health-related outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.