ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
Differential effects of fructose versus glucose on brain and appetitive responses to food cues and decisions for food rewards.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Basal ganglia lateralization in different types of reward.Brain imaging and behavior · 2020Pooled it
- Differential effects of L-tryptophan and L-leucine administration on brain resting state functional networks and plasma hormone levels.Scientific reports · 2016Trial
- Maternal Isocaloric Monosaccharide Diets Reorganize Dorsal-Ventral Hippocampal Maturation and Ventral Plasticity in Rat Offspring.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Fructose: metabolic signal and modern hazard.Nature metabolism · 2026Review
- Neural Mechanisms and Alterations of Sweet Sensing: Insights from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- US infant formulas contain primarily added sugars: An analysis of infant formulas on the US market.Journal of food composition and analysis : an official publication of the United Nations University, International Network of Food Data Systems · 2025Article
- Article
- Fructose: a modulator of intestinal barrier function and hepatic health?European journal of nutrition · 2023Review
- Hypothalamic Reactivity and Connectivity following Intravenous Glucose Administration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Could Alzheimer's disease be a maladaptation of an evolutionary survival pathway mediated by intracerebral fructose and uric acid metabolism?The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Review
- Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration: Trick or Treat?Nutrients · 2022Review
- Brain-gut-liver interactions across the spectrum of insulin resistance in metabolic fatty liver disease.World journal of gastroenterology · 2021Review
- Fructose and metabolic diseases: too much to be good.Chinese medical journal · 2021Article
- Review
- Feeding pattern, biochemical, anthropometric and histological effects of prolongedNutrition research and practice · 2021Article
- An Exploration of the Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage in Promoting Obesity and Health Disparities.Current obesity reports · 2021Review
- The effects of different types of aquatic exercise training interventions on a high-fructose diet-fed mice.International journal of medical sciences · 2021Article
- Fructose, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin E: Involvement in Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.Nutrients · 2020Review
- Impacts of Acute Sucralose and Glucose on Brain Activity during Food Decisions in Humans.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Tissue-Specific Fructose Metabolism in Obesity and Diabetes.Current diabetes reports · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Prior studies suggest that fructose compared with glucose may be a weaker suppressor of appetite, and neuroimaging research shows that food cues trigger greater brain reward responses in a fasted relative to a fed state. We sought to determine the effects of ingesting fructose versus glucose on brain, hormone, and appetitive responses to food cues and food-approach behavior. Twenty-four healthy volunteers underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions with ingestion of either fructose or glucose in a double-blinded, random-order cross-over design. fMRI was performed while participants viewed images of high-calorie foods and nonfood items using a block design. After each block, participants rated hunger and desire for food. Participants also performed a decision task in which they chose between immediate food rewards and delayed monetary bonuses. Hormones were measured at baseline and 30 and 60 min after drink ingestion. Ingestion of fructose relative to glucose resulted in smaller increases in plasma insulin levels and greater brain reactivity to food cues in the visual cortex (in whole-brain analysis) and left orbital frontal cortex (in region-of-interest analysis). Parallel to the neuroimaging findings, fructose versus glucose led to greater hunger and desire for food and a greater willingness to give up long-term monetary rewards to obtain immediate high-calorie foods. These findings suggest that ingestion of fructose relative to glucose results in greater activation of brain regions involved in attention and reward processing and may promote feeding behavior.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.