SynthesisInternational journal of clinical practice2015
Influenza, influenza-like symptoms and their association with cardiovascular risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in International journal of clinical practice, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Estimated causal effects of common respiratory infections on cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis.Open heart · 2023Pooled it
- Influenza Vaccination for Cardiovascular Prevention: Further Insights from the IAMI Trial and an Updated Meta-analysis.Current cardiology reports · 2022Pooled it
- Shifts in seasonal timing of respiratory diseases and causes of death following a natural pandemic event.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Immunization and Cardiovascular Disease in Latin America. The CorVacc Study: Results.Global heart · 2025Observational
- Immunization and cardiovascular disease in Latin America. The CorVacc study: rationale and design.Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico · 2025Article
- Influenza-Associated Excess Mortality and Hospitalization in Germany from 1996 to 2018.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Article
- Influenza vaccines may protect against cardiovascular diseases: The evidence is mounting and should be known by the Canadian public health community.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2023Article
- Article
- Sex and molecular differences in cardiovascular parameters at peak influenza disease in mice.Physiological genomics · 2023Article
- [Health Technology Assessment: a value-based tool for the evaluation of healthcare technologies. Reassessment of the cell-culture-derived quadrivalent influenza vaccine: Flucelvax TetraJournal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2022Article
- Dynamic changes of emergency visits: a retrospective observational study.BMC emergency medicine · 2022Observational
- Evaluating the Increased Burden of Cardiorespiratory Illness Visits to Adult Emergency Departments During Flu and Bronchiolitis Outbreaks in the Pediatric Population: Retrospective Multicentric Time Series Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
- Comparison of Fragments in Human Hemostatic Proteins That Mimics Fragments in Proteins of A/H1N1 Viruses and Coronaviruses.Molecular genetics, microbiology and virology : Molekulyarnaya genetika, mikrobiologiya i virusologiya · 2022Article
- Role of Inflammation in Cardiac Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- [Influenza and cardiorespiratory events: a clinical-epidemiological review with a multidisciplinary point of view].Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2021Review
- Risk of acute respiratory infection and acute cardiovascular events following acute respiratory infection among adults with increased cardiovascular risk in England between 2008 and 2018: a retrospective, population-based cohort study.The Lancet. Digital health · 2021Article
- The cytokine storms of COVID-19, H1N1 influenza, CRS and MAS compared. Can one sized treatment fit all?Cytokine · 2021Review
- Article
- Review
- Impact of the presence of heart disease, cardiovascular medications and cardiac events on outcome in COVID-19.Cardiology journal · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo synthesise the evidence relating influenza and influenza-like symptoms to the risks of myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) and stroke.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence relating influenza and influenza-like symptoms to the risks of MI, HF and stroke. We systematically searched all MEDLINE and EMBASE entries up to August 2014 for studies of influenza vs. the cardiovascular outcomes above. We conducted random effects meta-analysis using inverse variance method for pooled odds ratios (OR) and evaluated statistical heterogeneity using the I(2) statistic.
resultsWe identified 12 studies with a total of 84,003 participants. The pooled OR for risk of MI vs. influenza (serologically confirmed) was 1.27 (95% CI, confidence interval 0.54-2.95), I(2) = 47%, which was significant for the only study that adjusted for confounders (OR 5.50, 95% CI 1.31-23.13). The pooled OR for risk of MI vs. influenza-like symptoms was 2.17 (95% CI 1.68-2.80), I(2) = 0%, which was significant for both unadjusted (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.65-3.01, five studies) and adjusted studies (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.24-3.27, two studies). We found one study that evaluated stroke risk, one study in patients with HF, and one that evaluated mortality from MI - all of these studies suggested increased risks of events with influenza-like symptoms.
conclusionsThere is an association between influenza-like illness and cardiovascular events, but the relationship is less clear with serologically diagnosed influenza. We recommend renewed efforts to apply current clinical guidelines and maximise the uptake of annual influenza immunisation among patients with cardiovascular diseases, to decrease their risks of MI and stroke.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.