ReviewVaccine2015
Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: Current challenges and future directions.
Review in Vaccine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Comparative accuracy of typhoid diagnostic tools: A Bayesian latent-class network analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Blood Sample Volume and Diagnostic Sensitivity of Blood Culture for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Pooled it
- Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Use of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Hemolysin E and Lipopolysaccharide IgA to Identify Enteric Fever Cases, South Asia.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Seroincidence Rate of Typhoidal Salmonella in Children, Kenya, 2017-2018.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Primer Set for Detecting the STY2879 Gene ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Patterns of antibiotic use for acute febrile illness in resource-limited settings: a multicenter study in DR Congo, Kenya and Uganda.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Determining genotype and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Typhi in environmental samples by amplicon sequencing.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Typhoid Fever in Ghana: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Genomic survey of multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Minnesota clones in chicken products.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Article
- Developing a clinical prediction model to modify empirical antibiotics for non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infection in children under-five in the Democratic Republic of Congo.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Article
- Evaluation of a point-of-care multiplex immunochromatographic assay for the diagnosis of typhoid: results from a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2024Observational
- A Systemic Review on Fitness and Survival ofIndian journal of microbiology · 2024Review
- Case report: Thoracic vertebral abscess caused by Salmonella via diagnosed next-generation sequencing.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Novel Heptaplex PCR-Based Diagnostics for Enteric Fever Caused by TyphoidalJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Invasive Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi or Paratyphi A, B, C, or invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes, is an immensely important disease cluster for which reliable, rapid diagnostic tests are not available. Blood culture remains the gold standard but is insensitive, slow, and resource-intensive. Existing molecular diagnostics have poor sensitivity due to the low organism burden in bodily fluids. Commercially available serologic tests for typhoidal Salmonella have had limited sensitivity and specificity. In high burden, resource-limited settings, reliance on clinical diagnosis or inaccurate tests often results in frequent, unnecessary treatment, which contributes selective pressure for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This practice also results in inadequate therapy for other etiologies of acute febrile illnesses, including leptospirosis and rickettsial infections. A number of novel serologic, molecular, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to diagnostics are under development. Target product profiles that outline specific needs may focus development and investment, and establish benchmarks for accuracy, cost, speed, and portability of new diagnostics. Of note, a critical barrier to diagnostic assay rollout will be the low cost and low perceived harm of empiric therapy on behalf of providers and patients, which leaves few perceived incentives to utilize diagnostics. Approaches that align incentives with societal goals of limiting inappropriate antimicrobial use, such as subsidizing diagnostics, may be essential for stimulating development and uptake of such assays in resource-limited settings. New diagnostics for invasive Salmonellosis should be developed and deployed alongside diagnostics for alternative etiologies of acute febrile illnesses to improve targeted use of antibiotics.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.