SynthesisVaccine2015
Promoting influenza vaccination: insights from a qualitative meta-analysis of 14 years of influenza-related communications research by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Synthesis in Vaccine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04706403 (If We Build It, Will They Come? A Pilot Study to Develop and Test Messages to Maximize Uptake of Coronavirus Vaccine When Available), which is not on this map. Cited by 90 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
If We Build It, Will They Come? A Pilot Study to Develop and Test Messages to Maximize Uptake of Coronavirus Vaccine When Available
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in adverse events following seasonal influenza vaccines: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Pooled it
- Increasing Seasonal Influenza Vaccination among University Students: A Systematic Review of Programs Using a Social Marketing Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Seasonal influenza vaccination of healthcare workers: systematic review of qualitative evidence.BMC health services research · 2017Pooled it
- Can uptake of childhood influenza immunisation through schools and GP practices be increased through behaviourally-informed invitation letters and reminders: two pragmatic randomized controlled trials.BMC public health · 2023Trial
- Using the 4 pillars™ practice transformation program to increase adult influenza vaccination and reduce missed opportunities in a randomized cluster trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Trial
- Balancing individual risks and collective benefits: Effects of vaccine price, message framing, and value orientations on influenza vaccination in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Drivers and barriers to influenza vaccination in the post-COVID-19 era in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: A qualitative study using focus groups with risk groups and in-depth interviews with physicians.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Strategies to Enhance Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Uptake: Qualitative Insights from Primary Care Physicians in Greece.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Suboptimal uptake of the malaria vaccine in Sudan: what's behind the blinds?Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Assessment of populations' knowledge and willingness to receive Herpes Zoster Vaccine: A cross-sectional study from Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Influence of the Workplace on Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Among Swiss Healthcare Workers During Season 2021/22.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- Perceptions About Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines Among People With CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2025Article
- Building and Sustaining Flu Vaccine Acceptance and Trust in the Black Community through Partnerships with Churches, Salons, and Barbershops.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Using Social Media to Combat Influenza Vaccine Misinformation and Improve Uptake: A Social Media Campaign and Repeated Cross-sectional Survey Analysis.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2025Article
- Does influenza vaccination contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular events? An umbrella review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2025Article
- Predictors of mortality and hospitalised exacerbations in obstructive airway diseases.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Opportunities to Increase Influenza Vaccine Uptake Among Pregnant Women: Insights from Surveys in 2013 and 2023.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Relationship between influenza-related experience and current vaccination outcome.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionA primary mission of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) is promoting immunization against seasonal influenza. As with most education efforts, CDC's influenza-related communications are often informed by formative research.
methodsA qualitative meta-analysis of 29 unpublished, primarily qualitative CDC-sponsored studies related to flu and flu vaccination knowledge, attitudes and beliefs (KABs). The studies, undertaken between 2000 and 2013, involved focus groups, in-depth interviews, message testing and surveys. Some involved health care professionals, while others involved members of the public, including sub-populations at risk for severe illness.
findingsThe themes that emerged suggested progress in terms of KABs related to influenza and influenza vaccination, but also the persistence of many barriers to vaccine acceptance. With respect to the public, recurring themes included limited understanding of influenza and immunization recommendations, indications of greater sub-group recognition of the value of flu vaccination, continued resistance to vaccination among many, and overestimation of the effectiveness of non-vaccine measures. Seven cognitive facilitators of vaccination were identified in the studies along with six cognitive barriers. For health care providers, the analysis suggests greater knowledge and more favorable beliefs, but many misperceptions persist and are similar to those held by the public. KABs often differed by type or category of health care provider.
conclusionsThe themes identified in this qualitative analysis illustrate the difficulty in changing KABs related to influenza and influenza vaccine, particularly on the scope and scale needed to greatly improve uptake. Even with an influenza pandemic and more vaccine options available, public and some health care provider perceptions and beliefs are difficult and slow to change. This meta-analysis does, however, provide important insights from previously unpublished information that can help those who are promoting influenza vaccination to health care providers, the general public and specific populations within the general population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.