ReviewEye (London, England)2015
Keratoconus: an inflammatory disorder?
Review in Eye (London, England), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 174 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Tomographic and Genetic Aspects of Keratoconus Patients Compared to Sounds Corneas
Corneal Tomographic Analysis Among Patients With Thyroid Gland Dysfunction.
Who cites it
174 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association Between Keratoconus and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cornea · 2026Pooled it
- Toll-like receptors in corneal ectasia: linking innate immunity to keratoconus.Molecular biology reports · 2026Pooled it
- Beyond Vision: Unveiling the Psychiatric Dimensions of Keratoconus.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- The Diagnostic Value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as an Effective Biomarker for Eye Disorders: A Meta-Analysis.BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Eye rubbing in the aetiology of keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2021Pooled it
- A multi-ethnic genome-wide association study implicates collagen matrix integrity and cell differentiation pathways in keratoconus.Communications biology · 2021Pooled it
- Tear Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines in Keratoconus: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control and Cross-Sectional Studies.BioMed research international · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of transepithelial corneal collagen crosslinking surgery versus standard corneal collagen crosslinking surgery for keratoconus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC ophthalmology · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Update on the Physiopathology of Keratoconus.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Quantitative evaluation of choroidal thickness and vascularity in subclinical keratoconus: a cross-sectional EDI-OCT study.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Structural retinal and choroidal changes in keratoconus: A cross-sectional OCT study stratified by ABCD grading.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Observational
- Stage-dependent alterations in corneal epithelium, stromal keratocyte density, and subbasal nerve plexus in keratoconus: an in vivo confocal microscopy study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- An Integrative Bioinformatics Framework Nominates Candidate Limbal Stem-Cell Exosome Cargo for Keratoconus by Coupling Corneal Transcriptomics, Disease-Gene Evidence and Extracellular-Vesicle Repositories.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comparison of visual outcomes of phakic intraocular lens implantation in keratoconus and normal eyes.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Characterization of the SKC mouse strain as a potential model for keratoconus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Epithelial thickness gradients as a diagnostic biomarker for early-stage keratoconus.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Keratoconus as a Predictor of Five-Year Corneal Cross-Linking Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Observational
- Evaluation of Microcirculation at the Optic Nerve Head in Eyes With Keratoconus.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Tear Film Inflammatory Biomarkers in Keratoconus: Insights into Disease Severity and Diagnostic Potential.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2026Observational
114 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on byReply.2017
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Keratoconus has been classically defined as a progressive, non-inflammatory condition, which produces a thinning and steepening of the cornea. Its pathophysiological mechanisms have been investigated for a long time. Both genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the disease. Recent studies have shown a significant role of proteolytic enzymes, cytokines, and free radicals; therefore, although keratoconus does not meet all the classic criteria for an inflammatory disease, the lack of inflammation has been questioned. The majority of studies in the tears of patients with keratoconus have found increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Eye rubbing, a proven risk factor for keratoconus, has been also shown recently to increase the tear levels of MMP-13, IL-6, and TNF-α. In the tear fluid of patients with ocular rosacea, IL-1α and MMP-9 have been reported to be significantly elevated, and cases of inferior corneal thinning, resembling keratoconus, have been reported. We performed a literature review of published biochemical changes in keratoconus that would support that this could be, at least in part, an inflammatory condition.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.