ReviewTherapeutic advances in neurological disorders2015
Botulinum toxin in the management of blepharospasm: current evidence and recent developments.
Review in Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06195241 (The Safety and Efficacy of DaxibotulinumtoxinA-Lanm for Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Safety and Efficacy of DaxibotulinumtoxinA-Lanm for Benign Essential Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Use of Oxymetazoline 0.1% Ophthalmic Solution for Acquired Blepharoptosis: A Systematic Review.The Laryngoscope · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical anatomy: cornea and ocular surface.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2025Review
- Article
- Therapy with botulinum neurotoxin for Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- Sensory Symptoms Associated with Aesthetic Botulinum Toxin A Treatments.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2022Article
- THE EFFECT OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL BLEPHAROSPASM.Acta clinica Croatica · 2022Article
- Outcomes of a regional variant of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasms: A retrospective study.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Long-term treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin A: a service-based study over a 16-year follow-up in southern China.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2020Article
- Treatment of blepharospasm and Meige's syndrome with abo- and onabotulinumtoxinA: long-term safety and efficacy in daily clinical practice.Journal of neurology · 2020Observational
- A trial of a mechanical device for the treatment of blepharospasm.Eye (London, England) · 2019Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injected Intrastriatally into Hemiparkinsonian Rats Improves the Initiation Time for Left and Right Forelimbs in Both Forehand and Backhand Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Pharmacological differences and clinical implications of various botulinum toxin preparations: a critical appraisal.Functional neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Blepharospasm is a focal (although usually bilateral) dystonia of the orbicularis oculi muscles, producing excessive eye closure. This produces significant disability through functional blindness. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) have become the treatment of choice for blepharospasm; the impressive response rate and the tolerable safety profile have been proven through multiple clinical studies. There are currently four BoNT approved in the United States for different indications - we review the data on blepharospasm for each of these drugs. Currently, incobotulinumtoxinA and onabotulinumtoxinA have the most evidence of benefit for patients with blepharospasm. Current evidence, recent development and future directions are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.