ReviewEnvironmental health and preventive medicine2015
Fluoride in drinking water and diet: the causative factor of chronic kidney diseases in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka.
Review in Environmental health and preventive medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quality and sources of food and water consumed by people with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: a systematic review.Journal of nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Potential Co-exposure to Arsenic and Fluoride and Biomonitoring Equivalents for Mexican Children.Annals of global health · 2018Pooled it
- Preventing chronic kidney disease and maintaining kidney health: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference.Kidney international · 2025Article
- The Footprints of Mitochondrial Fission and Apoptosis in Fluoride-Induced Renal Dysfunction.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Effect of fluoride-induced testicular alteration in rats fed a high-fat diet.Environmental analysis, health and toxicology · 2024Article
- Protective Effect of Quercetin and Ginger (Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The blending effect of natural polysaccharides with nano-zirconia towards the removal of fluoride and arsenate from water.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- Quantitative fluoride imaging of teeth using CaF emission by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry · 2023Article
- Chronic kidney disease in Indonesia: evidence from a national health survey.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2023Article
- Assessment of Risk of Exposure toPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in India: a comparative study with Mesoamerican and Sri Lankan nephropathy.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Review
- Evaluation of Performance of Existing RO Drinking Water Stations in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka.Membranes · 2021Article
- Biopolymer-Based Nanohydroxyapatite Composites for the Removal of Fluoride, Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic from Water.ACS omega · 2021Article
- Diagnosis of Fluorosis by Analysis of Fluoride Content in Body Fluids Using Ion Selective Electrode Method.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Does fluoride cause the mysterious chronic kidney disease of multifactorial origin?Environmental geochemistry and health · 2020Review
- Experimental rat model for acute tubular injury induced by high water hardness and high water fluoride: efficacy of primary preventive intervention by distilled water administration.BMC nephrology · 2020Article
- Masking Ability of Various Metal Complexing Ligands at 1.0 mM Concentrations on the Potentiometric Determination of Fluoride in Aqueous Samples.Journal of analytical methods in chemistry · 2020Article
- Improved nanocomposite of montmorillonite and hydroxyapatite for defluoridation of water.RSC advances · 2019Article
- Prevalence and risk factors for impaired kidney function in the district of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional population-representative survey in those at risk of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology.BMC public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A significant number of people in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka suffer from chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and the author revisits existing literature related to CKD to find its causative factor. There is a direct connection between high fluoride levels in drinking water and kidney disease, and there are unhealthy levels of fluoride in the groundwater in Sri Lanka's CKD-affected areas. Based on the following observations, the author believes with confidence that excess fluoride in drinking water and in the locally grown food in the affected areas are the culprits of CKD in Sri Lanka. Fluoride excretion rate is considerably lower in children than adults, leading to renal damage of children living in areas with high fluoride. Adults who had renal damage due to fluoride in childhood are vulnerable to CKD with continued consumption of water from the same source. Patients with chronic renal insufficiency are at an increased risk of chronic fluoride toxicity. High content of fluoride in groundwater paves the way to excess fluoride in local food crops, consequently adding more fluoride to the systems of the consumers. People who work outdoors for prolonged periods consume excess water and tea, and are subjected to additional doses of fluoride in their system. In the mid-1980s, the increase in water table levels of the affected areas due to new irrigation projects paved the way to adding more fluorides to their system through drinking water and locally grown foods.
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