ArticleThe American journal of gastroenterology2015
Increased risk of microscopic colitis with use of proton pump inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Article in The American journal of gastroenterology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Microscopic Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Drug-induced microscopic colitis: a systematic review of implicated agents and case-level causality.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Spondyloarthritis Associated With Collagenous Colitis-Case Report and Literature Review.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Linear Mucosal Defect in Nintedanib-associated Colitis: A Rare Case with Collagenous Colitis-like Features.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Paclitaxel-Induced Collagenous Colitis: A Case Report in Male Breast Cancer.Reports (MDPI) · 2025Article
- Perindopril-Induced Collagenous Colitis: Case Report and Literature Review.Gastro hep advances · 2025Article
- Microscopic Colitis: An Underestimated Disease of Growing Importance.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 as a potential trigger for microscopic colitis in a young adult: A case report.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Microscopic Colitis: A Review Article.Cureus · 2023Review
- Modifiable contributing factors to COVID-19: A comprehensive review.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2023Review
- The natural history of histological changes in microscopic colitis.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2023Article
- Are Drugs Associated with Microscopic Colitis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Microscopic colitis: an update.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2022Review
- Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of observational studies.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2022Review
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure and the risk of microscopic colitis.BMC gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Response in Microscopic Colitis Based on Age at Diagnosis: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2022Article
- The Epidemiology of Microscopic Colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Population-Based Study From 2011 to 2019.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesMicroscopic colitis (MC) is characterized by chronic watery diarrhea. Recently, several drugs were reported to increase the risk of MC. However, studies lacked a clear exposure definition, did not address duration relationships, and did not take important biases into account. We estimated the risk of MC during drug use.
methodsThis is a population-based nested case-control study using a Dutch primary care database (1999-2013). Incident MC cases (aged ≥18 years) were matched to community-based and colonoscopy-negative controls on age, sex, and primary care practice. Drug use was assessed within 1 and 2 years before the index date. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated by conditional logistic regression.
resultsFrom the source population of 1,458,410 subjects, 218 cases were matched to 15,045 community controls and 475 colonoscopy-negative controls. Current use (≤3 months) of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, low-dose aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers significantly increased the risk of MC compared with never use in community controls. Adjusted ORs ranged from 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-4.2) for ACE inhibitors to 7.3 (95% CI: 4.5-12.1) for PPIs in the year prior to the index date. After accounting for diagnostic delay, only use of NSAIDs, PPIs, low-dose aspirin, and ACE inhibitors increased the risk of MC. Compared with colonoscopy controls, only use of PPIs (OR-adjusted 10.6; 1.8-64.2) and NSAIDs (OR-adjusted 5.6; 1.2-27.0) increased the risk of MC.
conclusionsNSAIDs and PPIs are associated with an increased risk of MC. The association of MC with use of the other drugs is probably explained by worsening of diarrhea/symptoms rather than increasing the risk of MC itself.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.