ArticlePloS one2015
Association between Mouth Breathing and Atopic Dermatitis in Japanese Children 2-6 years Old: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dental arch dimension and palatal morphology in children and adolescents with mouth breathing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of sleep disorders in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Pooled it
- Association Between Mouth Breathing and Asthma: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the impact of children's oral habits on the development of the orofacial system.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- The Effects of Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy on Children with OSAHS's Craniomaxillofacial Growth: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Effects of mouth breathing on maxillofacial and airway development in children and adolescents with different cervical vertebral maturation stages: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2022Article
- Influences of Airway Obstruction Caused by Adenoid Hypertrophy on Growth and Development of Craniomaxillofacial Structure and Respiratory Function in Children.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Association between upper airway obstruction and malocclusion in mouth-breathing children.Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale · 2021Article
- Effect of adenoid hypertrophy on the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial region.Translational pediatrics · 2021Article
- Dental Caries in Adults with Atopic Dermatitis: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Korea.Annals of dermatology · 2021Article
- Influence of mouth breathing on atopic dermatitis risk and oral health in children: A population-based cross-sectional study.Journal of dental sciences · 2021Article
- Identification of oral symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis in adolescents: Results from the Korea national representative survey 2009-2017.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Oral Aspects Identified in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: A Literature Review.The open dentistry journal · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As mouth breathing is associated with asthma and otitis media, it may be associated with other diseases. Therefore, this population-based cross-sectional study evaluated the association of mouth breathing with the prevalences of various diseases in children. Preschool children older than 2 years were included. A questionnaire was given to parents/guardians at 13 nurseries in Tokushima City. There were 468 valid responses (45.2%). We defined a subject as a mouth breather in daytime (MBD) if they had 2 or more positive items among the 3 following items: "breathes with mouth ordinarily," "mouth is open ordinarily," and "mouth is open when chewing." We defined subjects as mouth breathers during sleep (MBS) if they had 2 or more positive items among the following 3 items: "snoring," "mouth is open during sleeping," and "mouth is dry when your child gets up." The prevalences of MBD and MBS were 35.5% and 45.9%, respectively. There were significant associations between MBD and atopic dermatitis (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-4.2), MBS and atopic dermatitis (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3-4.2), and MBD and asthma (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2-4.0). After adjusting for history of asthma and allergic rhinitis; family history of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis; and nasal congestion; both MBD (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.3-5.4) and MBS (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.8-9.2) were significantly associated with atopic dermatitis. In preschool children older than 2 years, both MBD and MBS may be associated with the onset or development of atopic dermatitis.
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