Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25915592›Full record

Observational studyDevelopmental psychology2015

Early adversity, elevated stress physiology, accelerated sexual maturation, and poor health in females.

Jay Belsky, Paula L Ruttle, W Thomas Boyce, Jeffrey M Armstrong, Marilyn J Essex

Open access · hybridAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph

Observational study in Developmental psychology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
64citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
20.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

64 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Prenatal stress accelerates offspring growth to compensate for reduced maternal investment across mammals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017
    Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Trial
  6. Steroids, stress, and body mass index interact to accelerate female pubertal development.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Family Functioning and Pubertal Maturation in Hispanic/Latino Children from the HCHS/SOL Youth.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
    Article
  15. Review
  16. Longitudinal analysis of cortisol changes during pubertal development in indigenous Qom girls.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2024
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article

4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Jay BelskyDepartment of Human Ecology.
Paula L RuttleDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
W Thomas BoyceDepartment of Pediatrics, UCSF School of Medicine.
Jeffrey M ArmstrongDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Marilyn J EssexDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
University of Wisconsin–Madison · USUniversidad Católica de Santa Fe · AR

Funding

LONGITUDINAL TWIN STUDIES OF AFFECTIVE STYLEP50MH069315 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI WHALEN, PAUL J · 2004 to 2008
$10.4M
STRESS EXPOSURE, HPA ACTIVITY AND RISK FOR ADOLESCENT INTERNALIZING DISORDERSP50MH084051 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI GOLDSMITH, HAROLD HILL · 2008 to 2012
$9.6M
TWO TWIN STUDIES OF AFFECTIVE STYLEP50MH052354 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON · PI KALIN, NED H · 1993 to 2002
$2.3M
HPA Reactivity and Diurnal Patterns Associated with Adolescent Anxiety/DepressionR21MH082705 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI ESSEX, MARILYN J · 2009 to 2010
$408k
MATERNITY LEAVE &HEALTH: PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORSR01MH044340 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON · PI ESSEX, MARILYN J · 1989 to 2002
$100k
NIMH NIH HHS P50 MH052354NIMH NIH HHS P50-MH052354NIMH NIH HHS P50 MH069315NIMH NIH HHS P50-MH069315NIMH NIH HHS P50 MH084051NIMH NIH HHS P50-MH084051NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH044340NIMH NIH HHS R01-MH044340NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH082705NIMH NIH HHS R21-MH082705
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Evolutionary-minded developmentalists studying predictive-adaptive-response processes linking childhood adversity with accelerated female reproductive development and health scientists investigating the developmental origins of health and disease (DOoHaD) may be tapping the same process, whereby longer-term health costs are traded off for increased probability of reproducing before dying via a process of accelerated reproductive maturation. Using data from 73 females, we test the following propositions using path analysis: (a) greater exposure to prenatal stress predicts greater maternal depression and negative parenting in infancy, (b) which predicts elevated basal cortisol at 4.5 years, (c) which predicts accelerated adrenarcheal development, (d) which predicts more physical and mental health problems at age 18. Results prove generally consistent with these propositions, including a direct link from cortisol to mental health problems. DOoHaD investigators should consider including early sexual maturation as a core component linking early adversity and stress physiology with poor health later in life in females.

Indexed as

Health StatusAdolescentAdrenarcheAdultChildDepressionFemaleHumansHydrocortisoneLife Change EventsLongitudinal StudiesMental HealthParentingPregnancyPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsPuberty, PrecociousHydrocortisone

Identifiers

PMID25915592
PMCPMC4446150
OpenAlexW2321320690

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.