ArticleAIDS (London, England)2015
The causal effect of opioid substitution treatment on HAART medication refill adherence.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Opioid Substitution Therapy on Antiretroviral Therapy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2016Pooled it
- Guideline
- Applications and reporting of causal inference modelling in infectious disease studies: A systematic review.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- Notable transmitted HIV drug resistance among people who inject drugs in Pakistan.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Longitudinal patterns and predictors of opioid and stimulant use initiation and cessation among female sex workers living with HIV in South Africa.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Trajectories of medication for opioid use disorder and their impact on HIV testing among people who inject drugs in India: A longitudinal assessment of clinic-based data.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- HIV status and substance use disorder treatment need and utilization among adults in the United States, 2015-2019: Implications for healthcare service provision and integration.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
- Perceived Mistreatment in Health Care Settings and its Relationship with HIV Clinical Outcomes in HIV-positive People who Use Drugs in Vancouver, Canada.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Past-year medical and non-medical opioid use by HIV status in a nationally representative US sample: Implications for HIV and substance use service integration.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Article
- Article
- Assessing the Temporality Between Transitions onto Opioid Agonist Therapy and Engagement with Antiretroviral Therapy in a Cohort of HIV-Positive People Who Use Opioids Daily.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- The Impact of Current Opioid Agonist Therapy on Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Initiation Among People Who Use Drugs From the Direct-acting Antiviral (DAA) Era: A Population-Based Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Cohort profile: The provincial substance use disorder cohort in British Columbia, Canada.International journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Opioid and neuroHIV Comorbidity - Current and Future Perspectives.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- Non-disclosure of drug use in outpatient health care settings: Findings from a prospective cohort study in Vancouver, Canada.The International journal on drug policy · 2020Article
- Understanding concurrent stimulant use among people on methadone: A qualitative study.Drug and alcohol review · 2020Article
- Receipt of opioid agonist treatment halves the risk of HIV-1 RNA viral load rebound through improved ART adherence for HIV-infected women who use illicit drugs.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Evaluating the Integrated Methadone and Anti-Retroviral Therapy Strategy in Tanzania Using the RE-AIM Framework.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Substance Use and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy: What Is Known and What Is Unknown.Current infectious disease reports · 2018Review
- Methadone maintenance treatment and mortality in people with criminal convictions: A population-based retrospective cohort study from Canada.PLoS medicine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPeople who inject drugs (PWID) account for roughly 13% of the prevalent HIV/AIDS population outside of sub-Saharan Africa, and access to opioid substitution treatment (OST) is limited in many settings globally. OST likely facilitates access to HAART, yet sparse evidence is available to support this hypothesis. Our objective was to determine the causal impact of OST exposure on HAART adherence among HIV-positive PWID in a Canadian setting.
methodsWe executed a retrospective cohort study using linked population-level data for British Columbia, Canada (January 1996-March 2010). We considered HIV-positive PWID after meeting HAART initiation criteria. A marginal structural model was estimated on a monthly timescale using inverse probability of treatment weights. The primary outcome was 95% HAART adherence, according to pharmacy refill compliance. Exposure to OST was defined as 95% of OST receipt, and we controlled for a range of fixed and time-varying covariates.
resultsOur study included 1852 (63.3%) HIV-positive PWID with a median follow-up of 5.5 years; 34% were female and 39% had previously accessed OST. The baseline covariate-adjusted odds of HAART adherence following OST exposure was 1.96 (95% confidence interval: 1.72-2.24), although the adjusted odds estimated within the marginal structural model was 1.68 (1.48-1.92). Findings were robust to sensitivity analyses on model specification.
conclusionIn a setting characterized by universal healthcare and widespread access to both office-based OST and HAART, OST substantially increased the odds of HAART adherence. This underlines the need to address barriers to OST globally to reduce the disease burden of both opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.