ReviewFrontiers in neurology2015
The ischemic environment drives microglia and macrophage function.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 151 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 245 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the role of oxidative stress in retinal vein occlusion: an updated and comprehensive review on the pathophysiology and treatment perspectives.International ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Blood/Brain Biomarkers of Inflammation After Stroke and Their Association With Outcome: From C-Reactive Protein to Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2016Pooled it
- Outcomes of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell administration combined with educational intervention in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: a randomized, open-label, controlled phase II clinical trial.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Trial
- Injury to repair: Functions of microglia and monocyte-derived cells in ischemic stroke.Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association · 2025Review
- Carotid endarterectomy and blood-brain barrier permeability in subjects with bilateral carotid artery stenosis.Chinese neurosurgical journal · 2025Article
- Time Dimension Influences Severity of Stroke and Heightened Immune Response in Mice.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- From acute lung injury to cerebral ischemia: a unified concept involving intercellular communication through extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs released by macrophages/microglia.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Review
- The screening assessment of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines in saliva of patients with ischemic stroke.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- The effects of anaesthesia on cell death in a porcine model of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury.BJA open · 2024Article
- Hypoxia coordinates the spatial landscape of myeloid cells within glioblastoma to affect survival.Science advances · 2024Article
- Macrophage activation contributes to diabetic retinopathy.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Review
- Review
- Non-Coding RNAs: Novel Regulators of Macrophage Homeostasis in Ocular Vascular Diseases.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- The niche matters: origin, function and fate of CNS-associated macrophages during health and disease.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Review
- Synergistic effect of sildenafil combined with controlled hypothermia to alleviate microglial activation after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- New Insights into Roles of IL-7R Gene as a Therapeutic Target Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Role of Microglia in Stroke.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages by metabolites generated from tumor microenvironment.Animal cells and systems · 2024Review
- Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury: the Role of Lysosomal-Associated Transmembrane Protein 5.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Electro-nape-acupuncture regulates the differentiation of microglia through PD-1/PD-L1 reducing secondary brain injury in acute phase intracerebral hemorrhage rats.Brain and behavior · 2023Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.