ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2015
Are striatal tyrosine hydroxylase interneurons dopaminergic?
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Prenatal valproate exposure alters midbrain and striatal neuronal morphology along with dopamine levels.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Comprehensive 3D mapping reveals distinct spatial gradients of SST, PV, and TH interneurons across the mouse caudoputamen.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- 20 Hz tACS engages striatal THINs to enhance β-band synchrony and motor drive.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Comprehensive 3D mapping reveals distinct spatial gradients of genetically-identified SST, PV, and TH interneurons across the mouse caudoputamen.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Article
- Dopaminergic Neurons in the Zebrafish Subpallium Belong to the Extended Medial Amygdala.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2025Article
- Levodopa treatment: impacts and mechanisms throughout Parkinson's disease progression.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Review
- Taltirelin induces TH expression by regulating TRHR and RARα in medium spiny neurons.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Neuroprotective effect of L-DOPA-induced interleukin-13 on striatonigral degeneration in cerebral ischemia.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- Evolutionary innovations in the primate dopaminergic system.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2024Review
- Moderate intensity aerobic exercise alleviates motor deficits in 6-OHDA lesioned rats and reduces serum levels of biomarkers of Parkinson's disease severity without recovery of striatal dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase.Experimental neurology · 2024Article
- Conservation, alteration, and redistribution of mammalian striatal interneurons.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Parkinson's Disease: Cells Succumbing to Lifelong Dopamine-Related Oxidative Stress and Other Bioenergetic Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Compensatory Processes in Striatal Neurons Expressing the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene in Transgenic Mice in a Model of Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Deep learning-based image analysis identifies a DAT-negative subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons in the lateral Substantia nigra.Communications biology · 2023Article
- hESC-derived striatal progenitors grafted into a Huntington's disease rat model support long-term functional motor recovery by differentiating, self-organizing and connecting into the lesioned striatum.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Article
- Mutations in Parkinsonism-linked endocytic proteins synaptojanin1 and auxilin have synergistic effects on dopaminergic axonal pathology.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2023Article
- Cholinergic control of striatal GABAergic microcircuits.Cell reports · 2022Article
- Striatal Neurons Partially Expressing a Dopaminergic Phenotype: Functional Significance and Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Striatal GABAergic interneurons that express the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) have been identified previously by several methods. Although generally assumed to be dopaminergic, possibly serving as a compensatory source of dopamine (DA) in Parkinson's disease, this assumption has never been tested directly. In TH-Cre mice whose nigrostriatal pathway had been eliminated unilaterally with 6-hydroxydopamine, we injected a Cre-dependent virus coding for channelrhodopsin-2 and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein unilaterally into the unlesioned midbrain or bilaterally into the striatum. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in striatal slices revealed that both optical and electrical stimulation readily elicited DA release in control striata but not from contralateral striata when nigrostriatal neurons were transduced. In contrast, neither optical nor electrical stimulation could elicit striatal DA release in either the control or lesioned striata when the virus was injected directly into the striatum transducing only striatal TH interneurons. This demonstrates that striatal TH interneurons do not release DA. Fluorescence immunocytochemistry in enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-TH mice revealed colocalization of DA, l-amino acid decarboxylase, the DA transporter, and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 with EGFP in midbrain dopaminergic neurons but not in any of the striatal EGFP-TH interneurons. Optogenetic activation of striatal EGFP-TH interneurons produced strong GABAergic inhibition in all spiny neurons tested. These results indicate that striatal TH interneurons are not dopaminergic but rather are a type of GABAergic interneuron that expresses TH but none of the other enzymes or transporters necessary to operate as dopaminergic neurons and exert widespread GABAergic inhibition onto direct and indirect spiny neurons.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.