ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2015
Development and validation of the San Diego Early Test Score to predict acute and early HIV infection risk in men who have sex with men.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk prediction models for targeted testing of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Machine learning for personalized risk assessment of HIV, syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Performance of HIV Infection Prediction Models in Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Pooled it
- Risk-Based Screening Tools to Optimise HIV Testing Services: a Systematic Review.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2022Pooled it
- Acute and early HIV infection screening among men who have sex with men, a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Pooled it
- Developing a Novel Mobile App to Support HIV Testing and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Formative and Technical Pilot Study.JMIR human factors · 2025Trial
- Using HIV Risk Self-Assessment Tools to Increase HIV Testing in Men Who Have Sex With Men in Beijing, China: App-Based Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Trial
- Self-initiated continuation of and adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) after PrEP demonstration project roll-off in men who have sex with men: associations with risky decision making, impulsivity/disinhibition, and sensation seeking.Journal of neurovirology · 2019Trial
- High HIV/STI Test Acceptance Through a Behavioral Health Encounter in Latino Immigrants with Substance Use and Mental Health Problems.AIDS and behavior · 2019Trial
- A Dynamic Prediction Study of Persistent Nine-valent Human Papillomavirus Infection Among HIV-negative Men Who Have Sex With Men in Urumqi, China: a Longitudinal and Time-to-event-based Joint Model.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Correlates of HIV and STI Testing in Rural Southern Substance Using-Men who have Sex with Men: A Behavioral Model for Health Services Use Approach.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- A Four-Item Risk Score to Target Acute HIV Infection Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Indonesia: Development and Validation in the INTERACT Prospective Cohort.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- External validation of a web- and artificial intelligence-based HIV/STI risk assessment tool: performance evaluation using data from Sydney sexual health centre.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Diagnostic performance of HIV risk assessment tools for identifying pre-exposure prophylaxis candidates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- HIV Risk Score and Prediction Model in the United States: A Scoping Review.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Public health implications of diagnosing and treating acute HIV.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Predicting the Risk of HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Cross-Sectional Study Using Multiple Machine Learning Approaches.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study of Spanish Grindr Users: Sociodemographic Characteristics, Sexual Health Trends, and Attitudes toward HIV Testing.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Identifying Individuals at High Risk for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections With an Artificial Intelligence-Based Risk Assessment Tool.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Evaluating the performance of a risk assessment score tool to predict HIV acquisition among pregnant and postpartum women in Kenya.PloS one · 2024Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough men who have sex with men (MSM) represent a dominant risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the risk of HIV infection within this population is not uniform. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a score to estimate incident HIV infection risk.
methodsAdult MSM who were tested for acute and early HIV (AEH) between 2008 and 2014 were retrospectively randomized 2:1 to a derivation and validation dataset, respectively. Using the derivation dataset, each predictor associated with an AEH outcome in the multivariate prediction model was assigned a point value that corresponded to its odds ratio. The score was validated on the validation dataset using C-statistics.
resultsData collected at a single HIV testing encounter from 8326 unique MSM were analyzed, including 200 with AEH (2.4%). Four risk behavior variables were significantly associated with an AEH diagnosis (ie, incident infection) in multivariable analysis and were used to derive the San Diego Early Test (SDET) score: condomless receptive anal intercourse (CRAI) with an HIV-positive MSM (3 points), the combination of CRAI plus ≥5 male partners (3 points), ≥10 male partners (2 points), and diagnosis of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (2 points)-all as reported for the prior 12 months. The C-statistic for this risk score was >0.7 in both data sets.
conclusionsThe SDET risk score may help to prioritize resources and target interventions, such as preexposure prophylaxis, to MSM at greatest risk of acquiring HIV infection. The SDET risk score is deployed as a freely available tool at http://sdet.ucsd.edu.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.