Observational studyBMC pediatrics2015
Effects of low birth weight on time to BCG vaccination in an urban poor settlement in Nairobi, Kenya: an observational cohort study.
Observational study in BMC pediatrics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccination timeliness and delay in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the literature, 2007-2017.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Pooled it
- Safety and Immunogenicity of Early Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination in Infants Who Are Preterm and/or Have Low Birth Weights: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- Safety and Immunogenicity of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Preterm Infants: A Meta-Analysis.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2017Pooled it
- Determinants of low birth weight in the context of maternal nutrition education in urban informal settlements, Kenya.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2019Trial
- Determinants of delayed or incomplete diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination in parallel urban and rural birth cohorts of 30,956 infants in Tanzania.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Trial
- Disparities in Low-Birth-Weight Prevalence Across Kenya: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Maternal, Demographic, and Socioeconomic Risk Factors.Health science reports · 2026Review
- A Framework for Neonatal Prematurity Information System Development Based on a Systematic Review on Current Registries: An Original Research.Journal of biomedical physics & engineering · 2024Article
- Vaccination Coverage and Risk Factors Associated With Incomplete Vaccination Among Children in Cambodia, Madagascar, and Senegal.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in 103 low-and middle-income countries, 1978-2021: A scoping review to map measurement and methodological gaps.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Incomplete childhood immunization in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of individual and contextual factors.BMC public health · 2017Article
- Fully immunized child: coverage, timing and sequencing of routine immunization in an urban poor settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.Tropical medicine and health · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe World Health Organization recommends Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis be given at birth. However, in many developing countries, pre-term and low birth weight infants get vaccinated only after they gain the desired weight. In Kenya, the ministry of health recommends pre-term and low birth weight infants to be immunized at the time of discharge from hospital irrespective of their weight. This paper seeks to understand the effects of birth weight on timing of BCG vaccine.
methodsThe study was conducted in two Nairobi urban informal settlements, Korogocho and Viwandani which hosts the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance system. All infants born in the study area since September 2006 were included in the study. Data on immunization history and birth weight of the infant were recorded from child's clinic card. Follow up visits were done every four months to update immunization status of the child. A total of 3,602 infants were included in this analysis. Log normal accelerated failure time parametric model was used to assess the association between low birth weight infants and time to BCG immunization.
resultsIn total, 229 (6.4%) infants were low birth weight. About 16.6% of the low birth weight infants weighed less than 2000 grams and 83.4% weighed between 2000 and 2490 grams. Results showed that, 60% of the low birth weight infants received BCG vaccine after more than five weeks of life. Private health facilities were less likely to administer a BCG vaccine on time compared to public health facilities. The effects of low birth weight on females was 0.60 and 0.97-times that of males for infants weighing 2000-2499 grams and for infants weighing <2000 grams respectively. The effect of low birth weight among infants born in public health facilities was 1.52 and 3.94-times that of infants delivered in private health facilities for infants weighing 2000-2499 grams and those weighing < 2000 grams respectively.
conclusionLow birth weight infants received BCG immunization late compared to normal birth weight infants. Low birth weight infants delivered in public health facilities were more likely to be immunized much later compared to private health facilities.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.