ReviewVaccine2015
Typhoid fever vaccination strategies.
Review in Vaccine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Building evidences in Public Health Emergency Preparedness ("BePHEP" Project)-a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Pooled it
- Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- An Appraisal of the Clinical Features of Pediatric Enteric Fever: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Age-Stratified Disease Occurrence.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Pooled it
- Effective strategies for typhoid conjugate vaccine delivery: Health and economic insights from the 2015 Kampala outbreak.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Assessing Salmonella Typhi Pathogenicity and Prevention: The Crucial Role of Vaccination in Combating Typhoid Fever.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Trends of Enteric Fever and Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid in Pakistan: Population-Based Laboratory Data From 2017-2019.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Molecular Evaluation of Expression Changes in Genes Associated With Colistin Resistance and Virulence Development inThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Article
- Typhoid conjugate vaccine implementation in India: A review of supportive evidence.Vaccine: X · 2024Review
- From ancient remedies to modern miracles: tracing the evolution of vaccines and their impact on public health.3 Biotech · 2024Review
- Typhoid & paratyphoid vaccine development in the laboratory: a review & in-country experience.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Review
- Evolving Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Fever: A Comprehensive Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Mapping the incidence rate of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- A description of a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and vaccine effectiveness evaluation.Tropical medicine and health · 2024Article
- Review
- Living with HIV and Getting Vaccinated: A Narrative Review.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Survey-Based Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Animal-Associated Risk Factors for Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study: The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya, 2015-2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- High endemic levels of typhoid fever in rural areas of Ghana may stem from optimal voluntary vaccination behaviour.Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences · 2020Article
- Review on the Recent Advances on Typhoid Vaccine Development and Challenges Ahead.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Review
- Burden of typhoid fever and cholera: similarities and differences. Prevention strategies for European travelers to endemic/epidemic areas.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2019Review
- Social and Economic Burden Associated With Typhoid Fever in Kathmandu and Surrounding Areas: A Qualitative Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Typhoid vaccination is an important component of typhoid fever prevention and control, and is recommended for public health programmatic use in both endemic and outbreak settings. We reviewed experiences with various vaccination strategies using the currently available typhoid vaccines (injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine [ViPS], oral Ty21a vaccine, and injectable typhoid conjugate vaccine [TCV]). We assessed the rationale, acceptability, effectiveness, impact and implementation lessons of these strategies to inform effective typhoid vaccination strategies for the future. Vaccination strategies were categorized by vaccine disease control strategy (preemptive use for endemic disease or to prevent an outbreak, and reactive use for outbreak control) and vaccine delivery strategy (community-based routine, community-based campaign and school-based). Almost all public health typhoid vaccination programs used ViPS vaccine and have been in countries of Asia, with one example in the Pacific and one experience using the Ty21a vaccine in South America. All vaccination strategies were found to be acceptable, feasible and effective in the settings evaluated; evidence of impact, where available, was strongest in endemic settings and in the short- to medium-term. Vaccination was cost-effective in high-incidence but not low-incidence settings. Experience in disaster and outbreak settings remains limited. TCVs have recently become available and none are WHO-prequalified yet; no program experience with TCVs was found in published literature. Despite the demonstrated success of several typhoid vaccination strategies, typhoid vaccines remain underused. Implementation lessons should be applied to design optimal vaccination strategies using TCVs which have several anticipated advantages, such as potential for use in infant immunization programs and longer duration of protection, over the ViPS and Ty21a vaccines for typhoid prevention and control.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.