ArticleGut microbes2015
Antimicrobial activity of bismuth subsalicylate on Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli O157:H7, norovirus, and other common enteric pathogens.
Article in Gut microbes, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Assessment of the Clinical Efficacy of Bismuth Subsalicylate for Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diarrhea.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate on the prevention of travellers' diarrhoea, 2018-2023.Journal of travel medicine · 2025Trial
- Effect of Bismuth Subsalicylate vs Placebo on Use of Antibiotics Among Adult Outpatients With Diarrhea in Pakistan: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2019Trial
- In vitro selective inhibitory activity of ethnoveterinary plant extracts, antibiotic growth promoters, antibiotics, phytochemicals and their synthetic analogues against diarrhoea-associated and probiotic-bacteria of livestock.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- Targeting Pathogenic Infection and Virulence Genes of Enterococcus Faecalis Using Lactoferrin Bismuth Nano-form.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Adjunctive use ofTranslational gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic effect of bismuth subsalicylate in a propionic acid-induced autism model.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Bismuth subsalicylate profoundly alters gut microbiome and immunity with increased susceptibility to infection.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- BiACS omega · 2025Article
- Metal compounds as antimicrobial agents: 'smart' approaches for discovering new effective treatments.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Current and Future Perspectives on the Management ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Plant-Derived Products with Therapeutic Potential against Gastrointestinal Bacteria.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Helicobacter Pylori: A Review of Current Treatment Options in Clinical Practice.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Clostridioides difficile infection and One Health: an equine perspective.Environmental microbiology · 2022Review
- Feasibility study of Bismuth Subsalicylate (BSS) as an addition to standard of care for COVID-19 therapy.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2022Article
- Thallium(I) Tropolonates: Synthesis, Structure, Spectral Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Activity Compared to Lead(II) and Bismuth(III) Analogues.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The Role of Purported Mucoprotectants in Dealing with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Diarrhea, and Other Chronic Diarrheal Disorders in Adults.Advances in therapy · 2021Review
- Is There a Role for Bismuth in Diarrhea Management?Rambam Maimonides medical journal · 2021Review
- Therapeutic Strategies to Protect the Central Nervous System against Shiga Toxin from EnterohemorrhagicCurrent neuropharmacology · 2021Article
- Temporal Improvement of a COVID-19-Positive Crohn's Disease Patient Treated With Bismuth Subsalicylate.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous studies have shown bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has antimicrobial properties, but few studies have addressed the mechanism of action. Furthermore, following BSS ingestion other bismuth salts form throughout the gastrointestinal tract including bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) that also act upon enteric pathogens. To further understand the antimicrobial activity of bismuth in infectious diarrhea, the antimicrobial effect of BSS and BiOCl on Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains and norovirus (NoV) were measured. Bacterial enteric pathogens in pure culture or in human fecal material were exposed to 35mg/ml BSS or BiOCl with or without a vehicle suspension. BSS and BiOCl treated samples were quantified and visualized by transmission electron microscopy. To measure the effect on NoV, reduction of infectious murine NoV (MNV), a surrogate for human NoV, and Norwalk virus RNA levels were measured by viral plaque assay and RT-qPCR, respectively. BSS and BiOCl reduced bacterial growth by 3-9 logs in all strains with majority resulting in populations of <10 cfu/ml within 24 h. Similar results were found when fecal material was included. Microscopy images detected bismuth on bacterial membranes and within the bacterial organisms at 30 min post-treatment. At 8.8mg/ml BSS and BiOCl reduced infectivity of MNV significantly by 2.7 and 2.0 log after 24 h of exposure. In addition, both BSS and BiOCl slightly reduced the level of Norwalk replicon-bearing cells suggesting that bismuth may inhibit NoV in vivo. Collectively, our results confirm and build on existing data that BSS has antimicrobial properties against a wide-range of diarrhea-causing pathogens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.