Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25894245›Full record

ArticleEuropean archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry2015

A comparison of the presentation of molar incisor hypomineralisation in two communities with different fluoride exposure.

R Balmer, K J Toumba, T Munyombwe, M S Duggal

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. An update of the aetiological factors involved in molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH): a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2022
    Pooled it
  3. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation and associated factors amongst 8-year-olds in Ireland.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2025
    Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

R BalmerDepartment of Child Dental Health, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK, r.c.balmer@leeds.ac.uk.
K J Toumba
T Munyombwe
M S Duggal

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimTo compare the clinical presentation of two cohorts of children diagnosed with molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) and living in areas of low and high background fluoridation.

methodsThe study population comprised 12-year-old children participating in the 2008-2009 National Dental Epidemiological Programme in five regions in Northern England. Participating dentists were trained and calibrated in the use of the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index. Children were examined at school under direct vision with the aid of a dental mirror. First permanent molars and incisors were recorded for the presence and type of enamel defects greater than 2 mm. A diagnosis of MIH was ascribed to any child with a demarcated defect in any first permanent molar. Risk ratios for the occurrence of demarcated, diffuse and hypoplastic defects were generated for MIH children in the fluoridated and non-fluoridated area.

results3,233 children were examined. The prevalence of MIH in the fluoridated community was 11 % and in the non-fluoridated community was 17.5 %. Incisors in children with MIH were at greater risk of having demarcated defects (risk ratio 4.0, 3.6-4.5) and diffuse defects (risk ratio 2.2, 2.0-2.5). Molars in children with MIH were at greater risk of diffuse defects (risk ratio 4.4, 3.8-5.0). The teeth of children with MIH living in the fluoridated area were at greater risk of demarcated defects for both incisors (risk ratio 1.6, 1.3-2.0) and molars (risk ratio 1.3, 1.2-1.5) relative to the teeth of MIH children living in the non-fluoridated area.

conclusionsChildren with MIH were at increased risk of both diffuse and demarcated defects in their incisors. Children with MIH living in the fluoridated area were at increased risk of diffuse and demarcated defects relative to MIH children living in the non-fluoridated area.

Indexed as

ChildCohort StudiesDental EnamelDental Enamel HypoplasiaEnglandFemaleFluoridationHumansIncisorMaleMolarOdds RatioPrevalence

Identifiers

PMID25894245

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.