ArticlePloS one2015
Differential Cytokine Changes in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis with Antibodies against AChR and MuSK.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of HLA class II associations in patients with IgG4 autoimmunity.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Circulating inflammatory proteins as pathogenic mediators and potential therapeutic targets in myasthenia gravis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Immunological Targets in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treatment: Where Are We Going Now?Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Circulating inflammatory cytokines and the risk of myasthenia gravis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Article
- The unique properties of IgG4 and its roles in health and disease.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Plasma Myokine Profiles in Patients With AChR- and MuSK-Ab-Positive Myasthenia Gravis.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Article
- Blocking interleukin-23 ameliorates neuromuscular and thymic defects in myasthenia gravis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Immunotherapies in MuSK-positive Myasthenia Gravis; an IgG4 antibody-mediated disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Antibody Therapies in Autoimmune Neuromuscular Junction Disorders: Approach to Myasthenic Crisis and Chronic Management.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022Review
- Roles of cytokines and T cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2021Review
- Central Role of T Follicular Helper Cells in Myasthenia Gravis.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2021Review
- Histone Deacetylase Isoforms Differentially Modulate Inflammatory and Autoantibody Responses in a Mouse Model of Myasthenia Gravis.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Imbalance in T follicular helper cells producing IL-17 promotes pro-inflammatory responses in MuSK antibody positive myasthenia gravis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2020Article
- Possible Correlation between Cholinergic System Alterations and Neuro/Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis.Biomedicines · 2020Review
- Immunological markers andBiomedical reports · 2020Article
- CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Common Denominators in the Immunobiology of IgG4 Autoimmune Diseases: What Do Glomerulonephritis, Pemphigus Vulgaris, Myasthenia Gravis, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Autoimmune Encephalitis Have in Common?Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Relation of HLA-DRB1 to IgG4 autoantibody and cytokine production in muscle-specific tyrosine kinase myasthenia gravis (MuSK-MG).Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuromuscular transmission failure in myasthenia gravis (MG) is most commonly elicited by autoantibodies (ab) to the acetylcholine receptor or the muscle-specific kinase, constituting AChR-MG and MuSK-MG. It is controversial whether these MG subtypes arise through different T helper (Th) 1, Th2 or Th17 polarized immune reactions and how these reactions are blunted by immunosuppression. To address these questions, plasma levels of cytokines related to various Th subtypes were determined in patients with AChR-MG, MuSK-MG and healthy controls (CON). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were activated in vitro by anti-CD3, and cytokines were quantified in supernatants. In purified blood CD4+ T cells, RNA of various cytokines, Th subtype specific transcription factors and the co-stimulatory molecule, CD40L, were quantified by qRT-PCR. Plasma levels of Th1, Th2 and Th17 related cytokines were overall not significantly different between MG subtypes and CON. By contrast, in vitro stimulated PBMC from MuSK-MG but not AChR-MG patients showed significantly increased secretion of the Th1, Th17 and T follicular helper cell related cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-21. Stimulated expression of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 was not significantly different. At the RNA level, expression of CD40L by CD4+ T cells was reduced in both AChR-MG and MuSK-MG patients while expression of Th subset related cytokines and transcription factors were normal. Immunosuppression treatment had two effects: First, it reduced levels of IL12p40 in the plasma of AChR-MG and MuSK-MG patients, leaving other cytokine levels unchanged; second, it reduced spontaneous secretion of IFN-γ and increased secretion of IL-6 and IL-10 by cultured PBMC from AChR-MG, but not MuSK-MG patients. We conclude that Th1 and Th17 immune reactions play a role in MuSK-MG. Immunosuppression attenuates the Th1 response in AChR-MG and MuSK-MG, but otherwise modulates immune responses in AChR-MG and MuSK-MG patients differentially.
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