ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2015
Sexually dimorphic outcomes and inflammatory responses in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 171 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Sleep-disordered breathing and the risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of 19,940 participants.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2018Pooled it
- Microglia regulate sleep and thermoregulatory stability.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Prevalence, risk factors and adverse outcomes of intrapartum related asphyxia amongst newborns from mothers with low-risk deliveries in peri-urban Gambian health facilities: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Observational
- Sex-specific effects of therapeutic hypothermia on short- and long-term microglial and astrocytic reactivity after severe neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Newborns: Pathophysiology, Early Identification, and Management.Cureus · 2026Review
- Global and regional burden of neonatal disorders (preterm birth, encephalopathy, jaundice, and sepsis), 1990-2021 and projections to 2050.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- TrkB Agonist Treatment Decreases Hippocampal Testosterone Contents in a Sex-Dependent Manner Following Neonatal Hypoxia and Ischemia.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Metabolic Reprogramming of Oligodendrocytes in Intrauterine Growth Restriction.Developmental neuroscience · 2026Article
- Inflammatory mechanisms contribute to long-term cognitive deficits induced by perinatal asphyxia via interleukin-1.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Differential effects of hypothermia and memantine in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Prophylactic Fetal Creatine Supplementation Improves Post-Asphyxial EEG Recovery and Reduces Seizures in Fetal Sheep: Implications for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.Annals of neurology · 2025Article
- Structural and Functional Effects of C5aR1 Antagonism in a Rat Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.Developmental neuroscience · 2025Article
- Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Knockout Mice Are Protected from Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in a Sex-Dependent Manner.Developmental neuroscience · 2025Article
- Neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma: global trends and disparities.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation and acute ischemic stroke: impact on translational research and clinical care.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Review
- Early movement restriction impairs the development of sensorimotor integration, motor skills and memory in rats: Towards a preclinical model of developmental coordination disorder?The European journal of neuroscience · 2024Article
- The Importance of Including Maternal Immune Activation in Animal Models of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Intermittent theta-burst stimulation alleviates hypoxia-ischemia-caused myelin damage and neurologic disability.Experimental neurology · 2024Article
- Gastrodin Regulates PI3K/AKT-Sirt3 Signaling Pathway and Proinflammatory Mediators in Activated Microglia.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNeonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of motor and cognitive impairment in children. Clinically, male infants are more vulnerable to ischemic insults and suffer more long-term deficits than females; however, the mechanisms underlying this sex difference remain elusive. Inflammatory processes initiated by microglial activation are fundamental in the pathophysiology of ischemia. Recent studies report a sexual dimorphism in microglia numbers and expression of activation markers in the neonatal brain under normal conditions. How these basal sex differences in microglia affect HIE remains largely unexplored. This study investigated sex differences in ischemic outcomes and inflammation triggered by HIE. We hypothesize that ischemia induces sex-specific brain injury in male and female neonates and that microglial activation and inflammatory responses play an important role in this sexual dimorphism.
methodsMale and female C57BL6 mice were subjected to 60-min Rice-Vanucci modeling (RVM) at post-natal day 10 (P10) to induce HIE. Stroke outcomes were measured 1, 3, 7, and 30 days after stroke. Microglial activation and inflammatory responses were evaluated by flow cytometry and cytokine analysis.
resultsOn day 1 of HIE, no difference in infarct volumes or seizure scores was seen between male and female neonates. However, female neonates exhibited significantly smaller infarct size and fewer seizures compared to males 3 days after HIE. Females also had less brain tissue loss and behavioral deficits compared to males at the chronic stage of HIE. Male animals demonstrated increased microglial activation and up-regulated inflammatory response compared to females at day 3.
conclusionsHIE leads to an equivalent primary brain injury in male and female neonates at the acute stage that develops into sexually dimorphic outcomes at later time points. An innate immune response secondary to the primary injury may contribute to sexual dimorphism in HIE.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.