ArticleOncotarget2015
CD44 increases the efficiency of distant metastasis of breast cancer.
Article in Oncotarget, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review to Clarify the Prognostic Values of CD44 and CD44Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: current and emerging therapeutic strategies.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- HIPK2 exhibits context dependent dualistic effects and combinatorial inhibition of HIPK2-NLK-MAPK11 axis manifests synergism against gastric cancer.Human cell · 2026Article
- Multifaceted roles of CD44 in cancer progression and targeted therapeutic strategies.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Enrichment of Hyaluronic Acid Binding Tumor Cells by Modulation of Selective Adhesion on Microgel Surfaces.Macromolecular rapid communications · 2026Article
- Biomimetic liposomes synergize with high-intensity focused ultrasound to induce ferroptosis in tumors.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Bone Metastasis in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Advances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Birthweight, height, and body mass index in relation to the expression of stem cell markers among women with benign breast biopsies in the Nurses' Health Study II.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Fumiquinazolines F and G from the FungusInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- CD44 Marks Dormant Tumor Cells After HER2 Inhibition in Breast Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Role of the Fox Gene in Breast Cancer Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Correlation of CD44 Protein Expression with Larger Tumor Size and Advanced Stage of Breast Cancer Patients.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2024Article
- Associations of Early-Life and Adult Anthropometric Measures with the Expression of Stem Cell Markers CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1 in Women with Benign Breast Biopsies.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Epigenetic regulation of breast cancer metastasis.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2024Review
- Review
- Calcitriol promotes M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in 4T1 mouse mammary gland cancer via the induction of proinflammatory cytokines.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Toward Characterizing Lymphatic Vasculature in the Mammary Gland During Normal Development and Tumor-Associated Remodeling.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2024Review
- Clinicopathological features associated with CD44 and CD63 expression in breast cancer.Ecancermedicalscience · 2024Article
- Spontaneous metastasis xenograft models link CD44 isoform 4 to angiogenesis, hypoxia, EMT and mitochondria-related pathways in colorectal cancer.Molecular oncology · 2024Article
- Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Metastasis is the predominant cause of death from cancer yet we have few biomarkers to predict patients at increased risk of metastasis and are unable to effectively treat disseminated disease. Analysis of 448 primary breast tumors determined that expression of the hylauronan receptor CD44 associated with high grade (p = 0.046), ER- (p = 0.001) and PR-negative tumors (p = 0.029), and correlated with increased distant recurrence and reduced disease-free survival in patients with lymph-node positive or large tumors. To determine its functional role in distant metastasis, CD44 was knocked-down in MDA-MB-231 cells using two independent shRNA sequences. Loss of CD44 attenuated tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells and reduced cell invasion but did not affect proliferation in vitro. To verify the importance of CD44 to post-intravasation events, tumor formation was assessed by quantitative in vivo imaging and post-mortem tissue analysis following an intra-cardiac injection of transfected cells. CD44 knock-down increased survival and decreased overall tumor burden at multiple sites, including the skeleton in vivo. We conclude that elevated CD44 expression on tumour cells within the systemic circulation increases the efficiency of post-intravasation events and distant metastasis in vivo, consistent with its association with increased distant recurrence and reduced disease-free survival in patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.