ReviewHormones and behavior2015
Sex differences in anxiety disorders: Interactions between fear, stress, and gonadal hormones.
Review in Hormones and behavior, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 166 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
166 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review.Medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Hormonal mechanisms of women's risk in the face of traumatic stress.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Trial
- Do oral contraceptives modulate the effects of stress induction on one-session exposure efficacy and generalization in women?Psychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on resilience of vulnerable women at drop-in centers in the southeast of Iran.BMC women's health · 2021Trial
- On the importance of including both sexes in animal studies - insights from home-cage monitoring.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Substantial evidence against sex differences in bed nucleus of the stria terminalis volume in the human brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Anxiety and Depression in Women's Cardiovascular Health: Risk Modifiers, Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- Nucleus accumbens medial shell D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons signal the valence of conditioned stimuli in a sex-dependent manner.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- PARP Inhibition with 3-Aminobenzimide Attenuates Behavioral, Cardiovascular, and Neuroinflammatory Effects of Chronic Stress.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Climate anxiety among nursing students: a scoping review.BMC nursing · 2026Article
- Why does FND mainly affect women? A consideration of gender imbalance in neuropsychiatric disease.Psychological medicine · 2026Review
- Effect of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on habenula-induced dopamine inhibition in female and male rats.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Examining the non-linear relationship between sugar consumption and anxiety symptoms in UK biobank data.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- MAPK/ERK pathway is necessary to the reconsolidation of fear memory in male and female rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Mapping Sex Differences in Depression, Anxiety, and Co-Occurring Symptoms in Adults Under Stress: A Bayesian Network Approach.Depression and anxiety · 2026Article
- Neuromodulatory Effects of Alternating Current Electroacupuncture on PTSD-like Behaviors via Gut-Brain Axis Communication.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- MicroRNAs signatures in small extracellular vesicles for psychological resilience in young adults using machine learning.Epigenomics · 2025Article
- Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms in Women with Rheumatic Disease of Reproductive Age: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Combinatorial targeting of NMDARs and 5-HTAlzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
106 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Women are more vulnerable to stress- and fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the growing literature on this topic, the neural basis of these sex differences remains unclear, and the findings appear inconsistent. The neurobiological mechanisms of fear and stress in learning and memory processes have been extensively studied, and the crosstalk between these systems is beginning to explain the disproportionate incidence and differences in symptomatology and remission within these psychopathologies. In this review, we discuss the intersect between stress and fear mechanisms and their modulation by gonadal hormones and discuss the relevance of this information to sex differences in anxiety and fear-based disorders. Understanding these converging influences is imperative to the development of more effective, individualized treatments that take sex and hormones into account.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.