Trial reportBMC infectious diseases2015
Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia and diagnostic yields of microbiological methods: a 3-year prospective study in Norway.
Trial report in BMC infectious diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01563315 (Community-acquired Pneumonia), which is not on this map. Cited by 89 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Community-acquired Pneumonia: A Prospective Observational Study to Explore Etiology, Risk Factors and Potential Predictors for re- Admittance to Hospital and All-cause Mortality
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hospital utilization rates for influenza and RSV: a novel approach and critical assessment.Population health metrics · 2021Pooled it
- Comparison of detection rate of 16 sampling methods for respiratory viruses: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of clinical data and systematic review.BMJ global health · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review of respiratory viral pathogens identified in adults with community-acquired pneumonia in Europe.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2017Pooled it
- Viral infection in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2016Pooled it
- Diagnostic utility of oropharyngeal swabs as an alternative to lower respiratory tract samples for PCR-based syndromic testing in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Use of microbiology tests in the era of increasing AMR rates- a multicentre hospital cohort study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2019Trial
- Risk Factors for Long-Term Mortality after Hospitalization for Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A 5-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Pneumonia Etiology and Risk Factors in a Tertiary Hospital During the COVID-19 Era: A Retrospective Analysis (2020-2024).Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Serotype distribution and coverage by pneumococcal vaccines in hospitalised adults with pneumococcal pneumonia in Germany.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Article
- Microbiological findings and antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Syndromic molecular testing in mechanically ventilated patients with severe pneumonia: a supportive diagnostic approach.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Resistance to Lefamulin: An Evaluation of Data from In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Studies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Host-pathogen interaction in community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on the immune response.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae compared to Streptococcus pneumoniae in hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia- a prospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Clinical evaluation of two pathogen enrichment approaches for next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis as a Diagnostic Strategy for Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Alterations in the prevalence and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2025Review
- Development of DNA Microarray for Indication of Viral Community-Acquired Pneumonia Pathogens.Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2025Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite recent advances in microbiological techniques, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is still not well described. We applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional methods to describe etiology of CAP in hospitalized adults and evaluated their respective diagnostic yields.
methods267 CAP patients were enrolled consecutively over our 3-year prospective study. Conventional methods (i.e., bacterial cultures, urinary antigen assays, serology) were combined with nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swab samples analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Streptococcus pneumoniae, and by real-time PCR for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis and 12 types of respiratory viruses.
resultsEtiology was established in 167 (63%) patients with 69 (26%) patients having ≥1 copathogen. There were 75 (28%) pure bacterial and 41 (15%) pure viral infections, and 51 (19%) viral-bacterial coinfections, resulting in 126 (47%) patients with bacterial and 92 (34%) patients with viral etiology. S. pneumoniae (30%), influenza (15%) and rhinovirus (12%) were most commonly identified, typically with ≥1 copathogen. During winter and spring, viruses were detected more frequently (45%, P=.01) and usually in combination with bacteria (39%). PCR improved diagnostic yield by 8% in 64 cases with complete sampling (and by 15% in all patients); 5% for detection of bacteria; 19% for viruses (P=.04); and 16% for detection of ≥1 copathogen. Etiology was established in 79% of 43 antibiotic-naive patients with complete sampling. S. pneumoniae qPCR positive rate was significantly higher for OP swab compared to NP swab (P<.001). Positive rates for serology were significantly higher than for real-time PCR in detecting B. pertussis (P=.001) and influenza viruses (P<.001).
conclusionsEtiology could be established in 4 out of 5 CAP patients with the aid of PCR, particularly in diagnosing viral infections. S. pneumoniae and viruses were most frequently identified, usually with copathogens. Viral-bacterial coinfections were more common than pure infections during winter and spring; a finding we consider important in the proper management of CAP. When swabbing for qPCR detection of S. pneumoniae in adult CAP, OP appeared superior to NP, but this finding needs further confirmation.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01563315 .
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.