ArticleBMC infectious diseases2015
Investigation of the high rates of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia reveals no single driving factor and minimal evidence for zoonotic transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Epidemiology of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Phenotypic drug resistance and genome sequencing based identified mutations linked to resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from extrapulmonary clinical specimens.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and clinicodemographic features of microbiologically confirmed and presumptive extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a multicenter study.IJID regions · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Mycobacterium Bovis infection and associated risk factors among dairy farm cattle in Mekelle and Wukro towns, Northern Ethiopia.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Burden ofIJID regions · 2023Article
- Comparative serum lipid and immunohematological values among adult pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculosis lymphadenitis cases and their association with sputum bacilli load and time to culture positivity in Northwestern Ethiopia.Lipids in health and disease · 2023Article
- Diagnosis and Management of Adult Tuberculosis Patients Admitted to a Rural Hospital in Ethiopia.Cureus · 2023Article
- Comparative whole-genome sequence analysis ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Zoonotic tuberculosis in a high bovine tuberculosis burden area of Ethiopia.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Investigation of Granulomatous Inflammations in Terms of Tuberculosis Diagnosis: A 5-Year Multi-center Laboratory Study.Turkish thoracic journal · 2022Article
- Knowledge of symptoms and delays in diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in North Shewa zone, Ethiopia.PloS one · 2022Article
- Article
- Evaluation of Postmortem Inspection Procedures to Diagnose Bovine Tuberculosis at Debre Birhan Municipal Abattoir.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Phenotypic and genotypic drug sensitivity profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and associated factors in northeastern Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages and strain clustering within urban and peri-urban settings in Ethiopia.PloS one · 2021Article
- Diagnostic efficacy of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Fluorescence based Microscope for the diagnosis of Tuberculous lymphadenitis.PloS one · 2021Article
- Cancer obscures extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) at a tertiary hospital in Northern Malawi.Epidemiology and infection · 2020Article
- Molecular epidemiology of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in South Omo, Southern Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEthiopia, a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country, reports one of the highest incidence rates of extra-pulmonary TB dominated by cervical lymphadenitis (TBLN). Infection with Mycobacterium bovis has previously been excluded as the main reason for the high rate of extrapulmonary TB in Ethiopia.
methodsHere we examined demographic and clinical characteristics of 953 pulmonary (PTB) and 1198 TBLN patients visiting 11 health facilities in distinct geographic areas of Ethiopia. Clinical characteristics were also correlated with genotypes of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
resultsNo major patient or bacterial strain factor could be identified as being responsible for the high rate of TBLN, and there was no association with HIV infection. However, analysis of the demographic data of involved patients showed that having regular and direct contact with live animals was more associated with TBLN than with PTB, although no M. bovis was isolated from patients with TBLN. Among PTB patients, those infected with Lineage 4 reported "contact with other TB patient" more often than patients infected with Lineage 3 did (OR = 1.6, CI 95% 1.0-2.7; p = 0.064). High fever, in contrast to low and moderate fever, was significantly associated with Lineage 4 (OR = 2.3; p = 0.024). On the other hand, TBLN cases infected with Lineage 4 tended to get milder symptoms overall for the constitutional symptoms than those infected with Lineage 3.
conclusionsThe study suggests a complex role for multiple interacting factors in the epidemiology of extrapulmonary TB in Ethiopia, including factors that can only be derived from population-based studies, which may prove to be significant for TB control in Ethiopia.
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