ArticleBMC public health2015
Impact of unstable housing on all-cause mortality among persons who inject drugs.
Article in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Barriers and facilitators to initiating and adhering to harm reduction services among people who inject drugs in the United States: a systematic review.Harm reduction journal · 2026Pooled it
- Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Public health · 2021Pooled it
- Mortality in homeless people enrolled in the French housing first randomized controlled trial: a secondary outcome analysis of predictors and causes of death.BMC public health · 2021Trial
- All-cause mortality and overdose deaths among 4192 people who inject drugs in Stockholm: a 10-year register-based cohort study.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- The effects of psychological functioning on substance use and treatment outcomes among people with HIV.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Are we ending the HIV epidemic among persons who inject drugs?: key findings from 19 US cities.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Exploring housing instability through a gender lens among people who inject drugs in Montreal, Canada.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Article
- Safe Injection Self-Efficacy is Associated with HCV and HIV Seropositivity Among People Who Inject Drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Safe Injection Self-Efficacy is associated with HCV and HIV seropositivity among people who inject drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana border region.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Houselessness and syringe service program utilization among people who inject drugs in eight rural areas across the USA: a cross-sectional analysis.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Multi-level influences on increased overdose risk behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among people who use drugs in Rhode Island: a qualitative investigation.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- HCV microelimination in harm reduction centres has benefits beyond HCV cure but is hampered by high reinfection rates.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2022Article
- Day-to-day impact of COVID-19 and other factors associated with risk of nonfatal overdose among people who use unregulated drugs in five cities in the United States and Canada.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
- Association of Social Needs and Housing Status Among Urban Emergency Department Patients.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2022Article
- Housing instability and violence among women who use drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- Periods of Homelessness Linked to Higher VACS Index Among HIV-Positive People Who Use Drugs.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- Health risk associated with residential relocation among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA: a cross sectional study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Lessons from the First Wave of COVID-19 for Improved Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) Treatment: Benefits of Easier Access, Extended Take Homes, and New Delivery Modalities.Substance use & misuse · 2022Article
- Reported Barriers to Hepatitis C Treatment among Pregnant and Early-Parenting Mothers Undergoing Substance Use Disorder Treatment in One U.S. State.Infectious disease reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIllicit drug injecting is a well-established risk factor for morbidity and mortality. However, a limited number of prospective studies have examined the independent effect of unstable housing on mortality among persons who inject drugs (PWIDs). In this study we sought to identify if a relationship exists between unstable housing and all-cause mortality among PWIDs living in Vancouver, Canada.
methodsPWIDs participating in two prospective cohort studies in Vancouver, Canada were followed between May 1996 and December 2012. Cohort data were linked to the provincial vital statistics database to ascertain mortality rates and causes of death. We used multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression to determine factors associated with all-cause mortality and to investigate the independent relationship between unstable housing and time to all-cause mortality.
resultsDuring the study period, 2453 individuals were followed for a median of 69 months (Inter-quartile range [IQR]: 34 - 113). In total, there were 515 (21.0%) deaths for an incidence density of 3.1 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.8 - 3.4) deaths per 100 person years. In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for potential confounders including HIV infection and drug use patterns, unstable housing remained independently associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.56).
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that unstable housing is an important risk factor for mortality independent of known risk factors including HIV infection and patterns of drug use. This study highlights the urgent need to provide supportive housing interventions to address elevated levels of preventable mortality among this population.
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