ReviewEuropean journal of microbiology & immunology2015
Review and phylogenetic analysis of qac genes that reduce susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds in Staphylococcus species.
Review in European journal of microbiology & immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 160 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chlorhexidine and Mupirocin Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in the REDUCE-MRSA Trial.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2016Trial
- Genomic characterization of efflux pumps and putative small multidrug resistance (SMR)-like transporters in disinfectant-tolerant coagulase-negative staphylococci from a Vietnamese hospital.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Article
- Electroporation of pLI50 harboring qacA or qacB increases chlorhexidine minimal inhibitory concentrations in transformed Staphylococcus aureus strain RN4220.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Survey of the Microbiome, Culturome and ARG Profile of a Cohort of Chronic Diabetic Foot Lesions.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Investigation of cyanobacteria-hosted antibiotic resistance genes in cyanoHAB-impacted drinking water sources.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
- Mechanism and Molecular Design Principles of Cationic Surfactants: From Charge-Driven Membrane Interactions to Next-Generation Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.ChemMedChem · 2026Review
- Occurrence, variability and evolutionary relations of efflux pump determinants across five pathogenicFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Microbial community characterization in semi-hydroponic systems of Starbor kale (Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- High colonization by multidrug-resistant and virulent Staphylococcus aureus genotypes among critically ill patients in the COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian hospital.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Genetic Profiling of MRSA and MSSA from Food Contact Surfaces: Antibiotic, Heavy Metal and Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Biological Merits and Antibiofilm Mechanisms of Action of a Specially Designed Double-Shelled Microparticle.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Antibiotic resistance and population structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis from prosthetic joint infections in Sweden and France.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Genomic characterisation of nasal isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococci from healthy medical students reveals novel Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Bats as Hosts of Antimicrobial-ResistantVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Molecular Epidemiological Characteristics ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comparative Evaluation of a Disinfectant Formulation Comprising Hydrogen Peroxide, Peracetic Acid, and Acetic Acid AgainstInternational journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Influence of antibiotic resistance on disinfectant tolerance of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Campylobacter jejuni.Access microbiology · 2025Article
- The mobilome landscape of biocide-resistance in Brazilian ESKAPE isolates.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2024Article
- Genomic Analyses of Methicillin-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The qac genes of Staphylococcus species encode multidrug efflux pumps: membrane proteins that export toxic molecules and thus increase tolerance to a variety of compounds such as disinfecting agents, including quaternary ammonium compounds (for which they are named), intercalating dyes and some antibiotics. In Stapylococcus species, six different plasmid-encoded Qac efflux pumps have been described, and they belong to two major protein families. QacA and QacB are members of the Major Facilitator Superfamily, while QacC, QacG, QacH, and QacJ all belong to the Small Multidrug Resistance (SMR) family. Not all SMR proteins are called Qac and the reverse is also true, which has caused confusion in the literature and in gene annotations. The discovery of qac genes and their presence in various staphylococcal populations is briefly reviewed. A sequence comparison revealed that some of the PCR primers described in the literature for qac detection may miss particular qac genes due to lack of DNA conservation. Despite their resemblance in substrate specificity, the Qac proteins belonging to the two protein families have little in common. QacA and QacB are highly conserved in Staphylococcus species, while qacA was also detected in Enterococcus faecalis, suggesting that these plasmid-born genes have spread across bacterial genera. Nevertheless, these qacA and qacB genes are quite dissimilar to their closest homologues in other organisms. In contrast, SMR-type Qac proteins display considerable sequence variation, despite their short length, even within the Staphylococcus genus. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes identified similarity to a large number of other SMR members, found in staphylococci as well as in other genera. A number of phylogenetic trees of SMR Qac proteins are presented here, starting with genes present in S. aureus and S. epidermidis, and extending this to related genes found in other species of this genus, and finally to genes found in other genera.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.