ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2015
The promise of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02714959 (Effect of IL-2 in Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 349 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of IL-2 in Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis Patients: A Pilot Study
Who cites it
349 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 609 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Activation in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of current therapies for difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy, safety and the lymphocyte subsets changes of low-dose IL-2 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of interleukin-2-based immunotherapies in clinical trials for cancer and autoimmune diseases.EBioMedicine · 2023Pooled it
- Anti-inflammatory therapy with low-dose IL-2 in acute coronary syndromes: a randomized phase 2 trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Efficacy and safety of low-dose interleukin 2 for Behçet's syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 clinical trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized clinical trial.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Trial
- Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of MK-6194, an IL-2 mutein designed to selectively activate regulatory T cells: single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose trial data.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Trial
- Trial
- A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of low-dose interleukin-2 in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2023Trial
- Selective decrease of donor-reactive TScience translational medicine · 2022Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Interleukin 2 for Primary Sjögren Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Efficacy and safety of low-dose interleukin-2 in combination with methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2022Trial
- Intranasal insulin modulates cerebrospinal fluid markers of neuroinflammation in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a randomized trial.Scientific reports · 2022 · on this mapTrial
- Bempegaldesleukin Plus Nivolumab in First-Line Metastatic Melanoma.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2021Trial
- Low-dose IL-2 in children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes: a Phase I/II randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study.Diabetologia · 2020Trial
- Regulatory T Cells Across Oral Diseases: A Narrative Review on a Functional Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Low-Dose Interleukin-2 Enhances Activated Suppressor Regulatory T Cells and CTLA-4 and HLA-DR Expression in Chronic Chikungunya Arthritis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Engineering aptamer dimers (apdimers) for optimization of synthetic riboswitches.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
289 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Depletion of regulatory T (TReg) cells in otherwise healthy individuals leads to multi-organ autoimmune disease and inflammation. This indicates that in a normal immune system, there are self-specific effector T cells that are ready to attack normal tissue if they are not restrained by TReg cells. The data imply that there is a balance between effector T cells and TReg cells in health and suggest a therapeutic potential of TReg cells in diseases in which this balance is altered. Proof-of-concept clinical trials, now supported by robust mechanistic studies, have shown that low-dose interleukin-2 specifically expands and activates TReg cell populations and thus can control autoimmune diseases and inflammation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.