SynthesisBMC psychiatry2015
Health service use and costs associated with aggressiveness or agitation and containment in adult psychiatric care: a systematic review of the evidence.
Synthesis in BMC psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06093451 (An Open-Label, Randomized, Active Controlled Inpatient Trial Evaluating Sublingual Dexmedetomidine For Moderate To Severe Agitation In Inpatients With Schizophrenia Or Bipolar Disorder), which is not on this map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Open-Label, Randomized, Active Controlled Inpatient Trial Evaluating Sublingual Dexmedetomidine For Moderate To Severe Agitation In Inpatients With Schizophrenia Or Bipolar Disorder
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- A cluster randomised controlled trial of a ward-based intervention to improve access to psychologically-informed care and psychological therapy for mental health in-patients.BMC psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Economic implications of mental health disorders: a literature review of hospitalization costs, interventions, and outcomes.Journal of medicine and life · 2026Review
- Economic data on interventions for reducing aggression and restrictive interventions in inpatient mental health: a systematic review.International journal of mental health systems · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Understanding of Psychomotor Agitation: From Causes to Hospital Care.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Review
- A multidisciplinary expert consensus on optimal acute adult psychiatric inpatient care in Hong Kong.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Establishing a long-term predictive model for aggressive behavior in schizophrenia: a 21-year longitudinal study in rural China.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Mapping Violent Behaviors and Psychiatric Symptoms Among Male Psychiatric Inpatients from a Network Perspective.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2023Article
- Incidence, Severity and Characteristics of Patients' Aggression in Acute Psychiatric Wards: Data from a Slovenian National Survey.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2023Article
- Attitudes about Mechanical Restraint Use in Mental Health Hospitalization Services: A Spanish Survey.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Utilization of a Rapid Agitation Scale and Treatment Protocol for Patient and Staff Safety in an Inpatient Psychiatric Setting.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2022Article
- Development of a Wearable Biocueing App (Sense-IT) Among Forensic Psychiatric Outpatients With Aggressive Behavior: Design and Evaluation Study.JMIR formative research · 2021Article
- Role of occupational therapy in reducing and managing violence among mental health inpatients: a scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2021Article
- The Knowledge, Practice and Attitudes of Nurses Regarding Physical Restraint: Survey Results from Psychiatric Inpatient Settings.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Aggressive Behavior and Psychiatric Inpatients: a Narrative Review of the Literature with a Focus on the European Experience.Current psychiatry reports · 2021Review
- Psychological Health Status of Psychiatric Patients Living in Treatment Communities before and during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Brief Report.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Mindful Melody: feasibility of implementing music listening on an inpatient psychiatric unit and its relation to the use of as needed medications for acute agitation.BMC psychiatry · 2021Article
- Recognition and management of agitation in acute mental health services: a qualitative evaluation of staff perceptions.BMC nursing · 2020Article
- Time from the Admission as the Predictor of Aggressive Behavior of Inpatients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAgitation and containment are frequent in psychiatric care but little is known about their costs. The aim was to evaluate the use of services and costs related to agitation and containment of adult patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital or emergency service.
methodsSystematic searches of four electronic databases covering the period January 1998-January 2014 were conducted. Manual searches were also performed. Paper selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Cost data were converted to euros in 2014.
resultsTen studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis (retrospective cohorts, prospective cohorts and cost-of-illness studies). Evaluated in these studies were length of stay, readmission rates and medication. Eight studies assessed the impact of agitation on the length of stay and six showed that it was associated with longer stays. Four studies examined the impact of agitation on readmission and a statistically significant increase in the probability of readmission of agitated patients was observed. Two studies evaluated medication. One study showed that the mean medication dose was higher in agitated patients and the other found higher costs of treatment compared with non-agitated patients in the unadjusted analysis. One study estimated the costs of conflict and containment incurred in acute inpatient psychiatric care in the UK. The estimation for the year 2014 of total annual cost per ward for all conflict was €182,616 and €267,069 for containment based on updated costs from 2005.
conclusionsAgitation has an effect on healthcare use and costs in terms of longer length of stay, more readmissions and higher drug use. Evidence is scarce and further research is needed to estimate the burden of agitation and containment from the perspective of hospitals and the healthcare system.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.