ArticleVeterinary research2015
Host-specific exposure and fatal neurologic disease in wild raptors from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 during the 2006 outbreak in Germany.
Article in Veterinary research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulation of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds in Europe and in Africa: a systematic review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Emergence, spread, and impact of high-pathogenicity avian influenza H5 in wild birds and mammals of South America and Antarctica.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Review
- Disease susceptibility and biological vulnerability of black vultures to fatal clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Genomic and Clinicopathological Characterization of a Reassortant HPAI H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4b) in an Endangered Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) in South Korea, 2026.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Bearded Vultures in Spain.Zoonoses and public health · 2025Article
- A multi-species, multi-pathogen avian viral disease outbreak event: Investigating potential for virus transmission at the wild bird - poultry interface.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Avian raptors are indicator species and victims of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus HPAIV H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) in Germany.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H5N5 in white-tailed eagles, 2021-2023.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in a raptor rehabilitation center-2022.PloS one · 2024Article
- Natural infection of common cranes (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Viral pathogen detection in U.S. game-farm mallard (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Continuous surveillance of potentially zoonotic avian pathogens detects contemporaneous occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV H5) and flaviviruses (USUV, WNV) in several wild and captive birds.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- The neuropathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in mammalian species including humans.Trends in neurosciences · 2023Review
- Bald eagle mortality and nest failure due to clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza a virus.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Descriptive Epidemiology of and Response to the High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N8) Epidemic in South African Coastal Seabirds, 2018.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Tropism of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Viruses from the 2020/2021 Epizootic in Wild Ducks and Geese.Viruses · 2022Article
- Pathology and virology of natural highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 infection in wild Common buzzards (Buteo buteo).Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Experimental and natural infections of white-tailed sea eagles (Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Raptors may contract highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 by hunting or scavenging infected prey. However, natural H5N1 infection in raptors is rarely reported. Therefore, we tested raptors found dead during an H5N1 outbreak in wild waterbirds in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, in 2006 for H5N1-associated disease. We tested 624 raptors of nine species-common buzzard (385), Eurasian sparrowhawk (111), common kestrel (38), undetermined species of buzzard (36), white-tailed sea eagle (19), undetermined species of raptor (12), northern goshawk (10), peregrine falcon (6), red kite (3), rough-legged buzzard (3), and western marsh-harrier (1)-for H5N1 infection in tracheal or combined tracheal/cloacal swabs of all birds, and on major tissues of all white-tailed sea eagles. H5N1 infection was detected in two species: common buzzard (12 positive, 3.1%) and peregrine falcon (2 positive, 33.3%). In all necropsied birds (both peregrine falcons and the six freshest common buzzards), H5N1 was found most consistently and at the highest concentration in the brain, and the main H5N1-associated lesion was marked non-suppurative encephalitis. Other H5N1-associated lesions occurred in air sac, lung, oviduct, heart, pancreas, coelomic ganglion, and adrenal gland. Our results show that the main cause of death in H5N1-positive raptors was encephalitis. Our results imply that H5N1 outbreaks in wild waterbirds are more likely to lead to exposure to and mortality from H5N1 in raptors that hunt or scavenge medium-sized birds, such as common buzzards and peregrine falcons, than in raptors that hunt small birds and do not scavenge, such as Eurasian sparrowhawks and common kestrels.
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