ArticleJournal of anatomy2015
Medial gastrocnemius muscle growth during adolescence is mediated by increased fascicle diameter rather than by longitudinal fascicle growth.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Architecture of lower leg muscles in children: Reference curves and potential mechanisms of growth.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Maturity-Related Differences in Muscle Architecture in Growing Female Volleyball Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Muscle architecture of the medial gastrocnemius during growth.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2024Article
- Different discrete motor-unit activation patterns in the flexor carpi radialis in boys and men.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- Human lower leg muscles grow asynchronously.Journal of anatomy · 2024Article
- A comprehensive normative reference database of muscle morphology in typically developing children aged 3-18 years-a cross-sectional ultrasound study.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- Effects of growth on muscle architecture of knee extensors.Journal of anatomy · 2022Article
- Glycine receptor subunit-β-deficiency in a mouse model of spasticity results in attenuated physical performance, growth, and muscle strength.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2022Article
- Medial gastrocnemius growth in children who are typically developing: Can changes in muscle volume and length be accurately predicted from age?Journal of anatomy · 2022Article
- Typical m. triceps surae morphology and architecture measurement from 0 to 18 years: A narrative review.Journal of anatomy · 2022Review
- The reliability and validity of triceps surae muscle volume assessment using freehand three-dimensional ultrasound in typically developing infants.Journal of anatomy · 2022Article
- Architectural model for muscle growth during maturation.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2021Article
- Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
- The Contribution of Decreased Muscle Size to Muscle Weakness in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Muscle Architectural and Functional Adaptations Following 12-Weeks of Stretching in Adolescent Female Athletes.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Gastrocnemius Medialis Muscle Geometry and Extensibility in Typically Developing Children and Children With Spastic Paresis Aged 6-13 Years.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
- Remodeling of Rat M. Gastrocnemius Medialis During Recovery From Aponeurotomy.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
- What causes increased passive stiffness of plantarflexor muscle-tendon unit in children with spastic cerebral palsy?European journal of applied physiology · 2019Review
- Article
- 3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Using a cross-sectional design, the purpose of this study was to determine how pennate gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle geometry changes as a function of adolescent age. Sixteen healthy adolescent males (aged 10-19 years) participated in this study. GM muscle geometry was measured within the mid-longitudinal plane obtained from a 3D voxel-array composed of transverse ultrasound images. Images were taken at footplate angles corresponding to standardised externally applied footplate moments (between 4 Nm plantar flexion and 6 Nm dorsal flexion). Muscle activity was recorded using surface electromyography (EMG), expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC). To minimise the effects of muscle excitation, EMG inclusion criteria were set at <10% of MVC. In practice, however, normalised EMG levels were much lower. For adolescent subjects with increasing ages, GM muscle (belly) length increased due to an increase in the length component of the physiological cross-sectional area measured within the mid-longitudinal plane. No difference was found between fascicles at different ages, but the aponeurosis length and pennation angle increased by 0.5 cm year(-1) and 0.5° per year, respectively. Footplate angles corresponding to externally applied 0 and 4 Nm plantarflexion moments were not associated with different adolescent ages. In contrast, footplate angles corresponding to externally applied 4 and 6 Nm dorsal flexion moments decreased by 10° between 10 and 19 years. In conclusion, we found that in adolescents' pennate GM muscles, longitudinal muscle growth is mediated predominantly by increased muscle fascicle diameter.
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