ArticlePloS one2015
A longitudinal twin study of the direction of effects between ADHD symptoms and IQ.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Performance of Autism Screening and Diagnostic Instruments Among Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Dimensional attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and executive functioning in adolescence: A multi-informant, population-based twin study.Neuropsychology · 2025Article
- Improving cognitive function in Chinese children with ADHD and/or RD through computerized working memory training.BMC psychology · 2024Article
- Bursting with Potential: How Sensorimotor Beta Bursts Develop from Infancy to Adulthood.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Article
- Genetic architecture of ADHD and overlap with other psychiatric disorders and cognition-related phenotypes.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Review
- The Etiological and Predictive Association Between ADHD and Cognitive Performance From Childhood to Young Adulthood.Journal of attention disorders · 2023Article
- Cognitive, emotional, and social functioning of preschoolers with attention deficit hyperactivity problems.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- WISC-IV Intellectual Profiles in Korean Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Psychiatry investigation · 2020Article
- Neural substrates of self- and external-preoccupation: A voxel-based morphometry study.Brain and behavior · 2019Article
- The Course of Neurocognitive Functioning and Prediction of Behavioral Outcome of ADHD Affected and Unaffected Siblings.Journal of abnormal child psychology · 2019Article
- Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Early-Treated Brazilian Children and Adolescents with Phenylketonuria.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2018Article
- Association of Polygenic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Co-occurring Traits and Disorders.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2018Article
- Neural Correlates of Duration Discrimination in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Their Comorbid Presentation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2018Article
- Article
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Remission Is Linked to Better Neurophysiological Error Detection and Attention-Vigilance Processes.Biological psychiatry · 2016Article
- Developmentally Sensitive Interaction Effects of Genes and the Social Environment on Total and Subcortical Brain Volumes.PloS one · 2016Article
- Rethinking Intelligence Quotient Exclusion Criteria Practices in the Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Frontiers in psychology · 2016Review
- Prescription stimulant use is associated with earlier onset of psychosis.Journal of psychiatric research · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
While the negative association between ADHD symptoms and IQ is well documented, our knowledge about the direction and aetiology of this association is limited. Here, we examine the association of ADHD symptoms with verbal and performance IQ longitudinally in a population-based sample of twins. In a population-based sample of 4,771 twin pairs, DSM-IV ADHD symptoms were obtained from the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised. Verbal (vocabulary) and performance (Raven's Progressive Matrices) IQ were assessed online. ADHD symptom ratings and IQ scores were obtained at ages 12, 14 and 16 years. Making use of the genetic sensitivity and time-ordered nature of our data, we use a cross-lagged model to examine the direction of effects, while modelling the aetiologies of the association between ADHD symptoms with vocabulary and Raven's scores over time. Although time-specific aetiological influences emerged for each trait at ages 14 and 16 years, the aetiological factors involved in the association between ADHD symptoms and IQ were stable over time. ADHD symptoms and IQ scores significantly predicted each other over time. ADHD symptoms at age 12 years were a significantly stronger predictor of vocabulary and Raven's scores at age 14 years than vice versa, whereas no differential predictive effects emerged from age 14 to 16 years. The results suggest that ADHD symptoms may put adolescents at risk for decreased IQ scores. Persistent genetic influences seem to underlie the association of ADHD symptoms and IQ over time. Early intervention is likely to be key to reducing ADHD symptoms and the associated risk for lower IQ.
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