ArticlePLoS pathogens2015
Relay of herpes simplex virus between Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells in human skin.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- IFN-κ directs antiviral immunity in human skin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Tissue-Resident Macrophages: Linking Physiology and Inflammation in Infection.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Skin Deep: Uncovering the Early Events of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface.Viruses · 2026Review
- Host Immune Response Mechanisms Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Host Glycan-Lectin Interplay in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Herpes simplex virus assembly and spread in murine skin after infection from the outside.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Tackling cutaneous herpes simplex virus disease with topical immunomodulators-a call to action.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Adjuvanticity of Tannic Acid-Modified Nanoparticles Improves Effectiveness of the Antiviral Response.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- An updated review of HSV-1 infection-associated diseases and treatment, vaccine development, and vector therapy application.Virulence · 2024Review
- Breaching the Barrier: Investigating Initial Herpes Simplex Viral Infection and Spread in Human Skin and Mucosa.Viruses · 2024Review
- Impaired endocytosis and accumulation in early endosomal compartments defines herpes simplex virus-mediated disruption of the nonclassical MHC class I-related molecule MR1.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2024Article
- Herpes simplex virus spreads rapidly in human foreskin, partly driven by chemokine-induced redistribution of Nectin-1 on keratinocytes.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- AMPs as Host-Directed Immunomodulatory Agents against Skin Infections Caused by Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Can Bypass Impaired Epidermal Barriers uponJournal of virology · 2022Article
- Initial TK-deficient HSV-1 infection in the lip alters contralateral lip challenge immune dynamics.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Cytokines and chemokines: The vital role they play in herpes simplex virus mucosal immunology.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Antigen transfer and its effect on vaccine-induced immune amplification and tolerance.Theranostics · 2022Review
- Review
- Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infects Langerhans cells and the novel epidermal dendritic cell, Epi-cDC2s, via different entry pathways.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The mechanism by which immunity to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is initiated is not completely defined. HSV initially infects mucosal epidermis prior to entering nerve endings. In mice, epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are the first dendritic cells (DCs) to encounter HSV, but it is CD103(+) dermal DCs that carry viral antigen to lymph nodes for antigen presentation, suggesting DC cross-talk in skin. In this study, we compared topically HSV-1 infected human foreskin explants with biopsies of initial human genital herpes lesions to show LCs are initially infected then emigrate into the dermis. Here, LCs bearing markers of maturation and apoptosis formed large cell clusters with BDCA3(+) dermal DCs (thought to be equivalent to murine CD103(+) dermal DCs) and DC-SIGN(+) DCs/macrophages. HSV-expressing LC fragments were observed inside the dermal DCs/macrophages and the BDCA3(+) dermal DCs had up-regulated a damaged cell uptake receptor CLEC9A. No other infected epidermal cells interacted with dermal DCs. Correspondingly, LCs isolated from human skin and infected with HSV-1 in vitro also underwent apoptosis and were taken up by similarly isolated BDCA3(+) dermal DCs and DC-SIGN(+) cells. Thus, we conclude a viral antigen relay takes place where HSV infected LCs undergo apoptosis and are taken up by dermal DCs for subsequent antigen presentation. This provides a rationale for targeting these cells with mucosal or perhaps intradermal HSV immunization.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.