ArticleJournal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology2015
Exposure of Adolescent Mice to Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Induces Long-Lasting Modulation of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Hypothalamus and Hippocampus Similar to that Observed for Peripheral Macrophages.
Article in Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of phytocannabinoids, synthetic and semi-synthetic cannabinoids on microglia and astrocytes: Review of neuroinflammatory mechanisms.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026Review
- Cannabinoids in immune system-related diseases: From bench to clinic.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- The effects of moderate alcohol and THC co-use during male and female rat adolescence on AKT-GSK3ß signaling in adulthood.Behavioural brain research · 2025Article
- Concerns Related to the Consequences of Pediatric Cannabis Use: A 360-Degree View.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Stress- and drug-induced neuroimmune signaling as a therapeutic target for comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2022Review
- Inflammatory Markers in Substance Use and Mood Disorders: A Neuroimaging Perspective.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development.International review of neurobiology · 2022Review
- Inflammatory Biomarkers in Addictive Disorders.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Maternal immune activation as a risk factor for psychiatric illness in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2021Article
- Adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) produces sex specific alterations in adult neuroimmune gene expression and ethanol sensitivity that are independent of ethanol metabolism.Neuropharmacology · 2021Article
- Preliminary in vivo evidence of lower hippocampal synaptic density in cannabis use disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Article
- Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Potential Links between the Endocannabinoid System and the Kynurenine Pathway in Depression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- In Vivo Imaging of Translocator Protein in Long-term Cannabis Users.JAMA psychiatry · 2019Article
- The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2018Review
- Acute and long-term effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on object recognition and anxiety-like activity are age- and strain-dependent in mice.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2017Article
- Clinical studies and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of treatments.Epilepsia · 2017Article
- Targeting Cannabinoid Signaling in the Immune System: "High"-ly Exciting Questions, Possibilities, and Challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Turning Over a New Leaf: Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Modulation of Immune Function.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cannabis use is frequent among adolescents. Its main component, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), affects the immune system. We recently demonstrated that chronic exposure of adolescent mice to THC suppressed immunity immediately after treatment but that after a washout period THC induced a long-lasting opposite modulation towards a proinflammatory and T-helper-1 phenotype in adulthood. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the same effect was also present in brain regions such as the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Thirty-three-day-old adolescent and 80-day-old adult male mice were used. Acute THC administration induced a similar reduction of macrophage proinflammatory cytokines and an IL-10 increase in adult and adolescent mice. THC did not affect brain cytokines in adult mice, but a proinflammatory cytokine decrease was evident in the adolescent brain. A similar effect was present in the hypothalamus and hippocampus after 10 days' THC administration. In contrast, when brain cytokines were measured 47 days after the final THC administration, we observed an inverted effect in adult mice treated as adolescents, i.e., IL-1β and TNF-α increased and IL-10 decreased, indicating a shift toward neuroinflammation. These data suggest that THC exposure in adolescence has long-lasting effects on brain cytokines that parallel those present in the periphery. This modulation may affect vulnerability to immune and behavioural diseases in adulthood.
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