ArticlePloS one2015
Monitoring Sub-Saharan African physician migration and recruitment post-adoption of the WHO code of practice: temporal and geographic patterns in the United States.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- International migration of Africa-born health workers: a scoping review of drivers and policies, 2010-2024.Human resources for health · 2026Article
- Availability, accessibility, and economic feasibility of radionuclide therapies in Africa: a systematic review and quantitative infrastructure analysis.Frontiers in nuclear medicine · 2026Review
- Residency training or migration: a multi-centric study exploring the willingness to migrate among medical residents in Iran.BMC medical education · 2025Article
- South Africa and the Surgical Diaspora-A Hub for Surgical Migration and Training.World journal of surgery · 2023Observational
- Global Health Perspectives on Race in Research: Neocolonial Extraction and Local Marginalization.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Association between inequalities in human resources for health and all cause and cause specific mortality in 172 countries and territories, 1990-2019: observational study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Observational
- Utility of the Right to Health for Addressing Skilled Health Worker Shortages in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.International journal of health policy and management · 2022Article
- African Physician Migration to High-Income Nations: Diverse Motives to Emigrate ("We Are not Florence Nightingale") or Stay in Africa ("There Is No Place Like Home") Comment on "Doctor Retention: A Cross-sectional Study of How Ireland Has Been Losing the Battle".International journal of health policy and management · 2021Article
- Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Review
- [Emigration-an option for African resident physicians? : Opinions from Tanzania and Ethiopia].Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft · 2019Article
- The rapid scale up of medical education in Ethiopia: Medical student experiences and the role of e-learning at Addis Ababa University.PloS one · 2019Article
- Oppression, liberation, wellbeing, and ecology: organizing metaphors for understanding health workforce migration and other social determinants of health.Globalization and health · 2018Article
- Physician emigration from Germany: insights from a survey in Saxony, Germany.BMC health services research · 2018Article
- Nonacademic Attributes Predict Medical and Nursing Student Intentions to Emigrate or to Work Rurally: An Eight-Country Survey in Asia and Africa.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2017Article
- Challenges to implementation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on International Recruitment of Health Personnel: the case of Sudan.Human resources for health · 2016Article
- A Review of Pediatric Critical Care in Resource-Limited Settings: A Look at Past, Present, and Future Directions.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2016Review
- Impact of Global Health Research Training on Scholarly Productivity: The Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars and Fellows Program.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2015Article
- Impact of Global Health Research Training on Career Trajectories: The Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars and Fellows Program.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2015Article
- Relevance and Effectiveness of the WHO Global Code Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel--Ethical and Systems Perspectives.International journal of health policy and management · 2015Article
- Labour economics and healthcare professional education.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Data monitoring is a key recommendation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, a global framework adopted in May 2010 to address health workforce retention in resource-limited countries and the ethics of international migration. Using data on African-born and African-educated physicians in the 2013 American Medical Association Physician Masterfile (AMA Masterfile), we monitored Sub-Saharan African (SSA) physician recruitment into the physician workforce of the United States (US) post-adoption of the WHO Code of Practice. From the observed data, we projected to 2015 with linear regression, and we mapped migrant physicians' locations using GPS Visualizer and ArcGIS. The 2013 AMA Masterfile identified 11,787 active SSA-origin physicians, representing barely 1.3% (11,787/940,456) of the 2013 US physician workforce, but exceeding the total number of physicians reported by WHO in 34 SSA countries (N = 11,519). We estimated that 15.7% (1,849/11,787) entered the US physician workforce after the Code of Practice was adopted. Compared to pre-Code estimates from 2002 (N = 7,830) and 2010 (N = 9,938), the annual admission rate of SSA émigrés into the US physician workforce is increasing. This increase is due in large part to the growing number of SSA-born physicians attending medical schools outside SSA, representing a trend towards younger migrants. Projection estimates suggest that there will be 12,846 SSA migrant physicians in the US physician workforce in 2015, and over 2,900 of them will be post-Code recruits. Most SSA migrant physicians are locating to large urban US areas where physician densities are already the highest. The Code of Practice has not slowed the SSA-to-US physician migration. To stem the physician "brain drain", it is essential to incentivize professional practice in SSA and diminish the appeal of US migration with bolder interventions targeting primarily early-career (age ≤ 35) SSA physicians.
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