ReviewJournal of innate immunity2015
Sequential Immune Responses: The Weapons of Immunity.
Review in Journal of innate immunity, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetics determine persister formation inJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Oral tolerance, a potential driver of systemic disease risk in periodontal patients.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Participation of Hepcidins in the Inflammatory Response Triggered by λ-Carrageenin in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata).Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Immune Factors, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Article
- Article
- Delving Into the Origin of Destructive Inflammation in COVID-19: A Betrayal of Natural Host Defense Peptides?Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Expression and Function of Host Defense Peptides at Inflammation Sites.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Harnessing Macrophages for Controlled-Release Drug Delivery: Lessons From Microbes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Review
- Atherosclerosis.Circulation research · 2018Review
- Cells of Innate and Adaptive Immunity: A Matter of Class?Journal of innate immunity · 2017Article
- Antimicrobial defence and persistent infection in insects revisited.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2016Article
- 2015 Russell Ross Memorial Lecture in Vascular Biology: Protective Autoimmunity in Atherosclerosis.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2016Article
- A Breakthrough: Macrophage-Directed Cancer Immunotherapy.Cancer research · 2016Review
- How Mouse Macrophages Sense What Is Going On.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Review
- Conservative Mechanisms of Extracellular Trap Formation by Annelida Eisenia andrei: Serine Protease Activity Requirement.PloS one · 2016Article
- Gone with the Wind--Innate Immunity and Airway Inflammation.Journal of innate immunity · 2016Article
- Macrophage Polarization: Decisions That Affect Health.Journal of clinical & cellular immunology · 2015Article
- Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Sequential immune responses (SIR) is a new model that describes what 'immunity' means in higher animals. Existing models, such as self/nonself discrimination or danger, focus on how immune responses are initiated. However, initiation is not protection. SIR describes the actual immune responses that provide protection. SIR resulted from a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of immune systems that revealed that several very different types of host innate responses occur (and at different tempos) which together provide host protection. SIR1 uses rapidly activated enzymes like the NADPH oxidases and is present in all animal cells. SIR2 is mediated by the first 'immune' cells: macrophage-like cells. SIR3 evolved in animals like invertebrates and provides enhanced protection through advanced macrophage recognition and killing of pathogens and through other innate immune cells such as neutrophils. Finally, in vertebrates, macrophages developed SIR4: the ability to present antigens to T cells. Though much slower than SIR1-3, adaptive responses provide a unique new protection for higher vertebrates. Importantly, newer SIR responses were added on top of older, evolutionarily conserved functions to provide 'layers' of host protection. SIR transcends existing models by elucidating the different weapons of immunity that provide host protection in higher animals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.