ArticleAIDS (London, England)2015
Young age at start of antiretroviral therapy and negative HIV antibody results in HIV-infected children when suppressed.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-1 Serological Responses and Their Implications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Quantitative Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Antibodies Correlate With Plasma HIV-1 RNA and Cell-associated DNA Levels in Children on Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Persistent Seronegativity and Absence of Intact Proviruses Despite Prolonged Initial Viremia in Early-Treated Perinatal HIV Infection.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Predictive markers for sustained viral suppression on dual bNAbs during ART interruption in children.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- High Prevalence of Unconfirmed Positive HIV Polymerase Chain Reaction Test Results Among African Infants With HIV Exposure in the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS Consortium.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Analytical treatment interruption in children living with HIV: position statement from the EPIICAL consortium.The lancet. HIV · 2024Review
- High mortality following early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in infants living with HIV from three African countries.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- The Contributions of Clinical Pharmacology to HIV Cure Research.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2021Review
- The CARMA Study: Early Infant Antiretroviral Therapy-Timing Impacts on Total HIV-1 DNA Quantitation 12 Years Later.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2021Article
- Are HIV-1-Specific Antibody Levels Potentially Useful Laboratory Markers to Estimate HIV Reservoir Size? A Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- HIV seronegativity in children, adolescents and young adults living with perinatally acquired HIV: A cross-sectional study in Thailand.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Article
- Steep Declines in Pediatric AIDS Mortality in South Africa, Despite Poor Progress Toward Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment Targets.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2020Article
- Quantitative HIV-1-specific antibodies as predictors of peripheral blood cell-associated HIV-1 DNA concentrations.AIDS (London, England) · 2020Article
- The HIV-1 antibody response: a footprint of the viral reservoir in children vertically infected with HIV.The lancet. HIV · 2020Review
- Response to Zhao and Zhou: Diagnosis of HIV infection in breastfed infants of mothers on antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2020Article
- Negative Diagnostic PCR Tests in School-Aged, HIV-Infected Children on Antiretroviral Therapy Since Early Life in Johannesburg, South Africa.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Antibody Repertoire Estimates Reservoir Size and Time of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Virally Suppressed Perinatally HIV-Infected Children.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2019Article
- HIV and Solid Organ Transplantation: Where Are we Now.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2019Review
- A child with perinatal HIV infection and long-term sustained virological control following antiretroviral treatment cessation.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Living donor liver transplant from an HIV-positive mother to her HIV-negative child: opening up new therapeutic options.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNegative results on standard HIV antibody tests have been described among HIV-infected children suppressed on antiretroviral therapy (ART) started early in life. Here, we describe the frequency and predictors of this phenomenon in a well characterized cohort of treated children.
methodsWe selected samples from 103 HIV-infected children who started ART 14 months of age or less and from 122 children who started 6 months of age or less followed as part of two sequential clinical trials in Johannesburg, South Africa. Children had attained viral suppression on ART and had received ART for between 3 and 6.4 years (mean 4.3 years) when tested for HIV antibody using a standard ELISA (Genescreen HIV1/2 version 2; Bio-rad).
resultsOnly children 6 months of age or less when ART was started had negative antibody results when tested after suppression on ART several years later. Negative or low-positive antibody results were observed in 40.0, 37.0 and 27.8% of children starting ART less than 2 months of age, or starting during month 2 or 3, respectively. This dropped to 5.9, 3.5 and 5.3% if ART was started during month 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Higher CD4 percentage prior to ART initiation and no recorded intermittent viremia also predicted negative antibody results.
conclusionTesting negative on standard HIV antibody tests occurs fairly commonly among HIV-infected children who started ART 3 months of age or less and are virally suppressed. It would be prudent in clinical practice to avoid HIV antibody tests among virally suppressed, early-treated children to prevent unnecessary confusion.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.