ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
Hypercholesterolemia and ApoE deficiency result in severe infection with Lyme disease and relapsing-fever Borrelia.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Curiouser and curiouser: understanding the intersection of inter- and intra-specific diversity during theInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Hypercholesterolemia enhances early dissemination and Borrelia burgdorferi burden in a mouse model.Microbial pathogenesis · 2025Article
- APOE protects against severe infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis by restraining production of neutrophil extracellular traps.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Identification of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Epitopes From Lyme Autoantigen Apolipoprotein B-100 and Borrelia burgdorferi Mcp4 in Murine Lyme Arthritis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Cholesterol Contributes to Risk, Severity, and Machine Learning-Driven Diagnosis of Lyme Disease.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Apolipoprotein E genotype affects innate susceptibility toInfection and immunity · 2023Article
- Article
- Macrophage mediated recognition and clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi elicits MyD88-dependent and -independent phagosomal signals that contribute to phagocytosis and inflammation.BMC immunology · 2021Article
- Borrelia burgdorferi infection modifies protein content in saliva of Ixodes scapularis nymphs.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Review
- Host membrane lipids are trafficked to membranes of intravacuolar bacteriumProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Lyme Disease Frontiers: ReconcilingPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Lyme Disease Patient Trajectories Learned from Electronic Medical Data for Stratification of Disease Risk and Therapeutic Response.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Infection with the Lyme disease pathogen suppresses innate immunity in mice with diet-induced obesity.Cellular microbiology · 2017Article
- Diet-Induced Obesity Does Not Alter Tigecycline Treatment Efficacy in Murine Lyme Disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
- Borrelia burgdorferi HtrA: evidence for twofold proteolysis of outer membrane protein p66.Molecular microbiology · 2016Article
- A Highly Expressed Human Protein, Apolipoprotein B-100, Serves as an Autoantigen in a Subgroup of Patients With Lyme Disease.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and relapsing-fever (Borrelia hispanica) agents have distinct infection courses, but both require cholesterol for growth. They acquire cholesterol from the environment and process it to form cholesterol glycolipids that are incorporated onto their membranes. To determine whether higher levels of serum cholesterol could enhance the organ burdens of B. burgdorferi and the spirochetemia of B. hispanica in laboratory mice, apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice that produce large amounts of serum cholesterol were infected with both spirochetes. Both apoE- and LDLR-deficient mice infected with B. burgdorferi had an increased number of spirochetes in the joints and inflamed ankles compared with the infected wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting that mutations in cholesterol transport that result in high serum cholesterol levels can affect the pathogenicity of B. burgdorferi. In contrast, elevated serum cholesterol did not lead to an increase in the spirochetemia of B. hispanica. In the LDLR-deficient mice, the course of infection was indistinguishable from the WT mice. However, infection of apoE-deficient mice with B. hispanica resulted in a longer spirochetemia and increased mortality. Together, these results argue for the apoE deficiency, and not hypercholesterolemia, as the cause for the increased severity with B. hispanica. Serum hyperlipidemias are common human diseases that could be a risk factor for increased severity in Lyme disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.