ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2015
Controlling Time-Dependent Confounding by Health Status and Frailty: Restriction Versus Statistical Adjustment.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Real-World Comparability of Antiresorptive Osteoporosis Treatment Groups Among Treatment-Naïve and Treatment-Experienced Women Ages 55 and Older in the United States.Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Propensity Score Methods for Confounding Control in Observational Studies of Therapeutics for COVID-19 Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- The State of Use and Utility of Negative Controls in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Review
- Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection in People Previously Vaccinated Against Influenza: Population-Based Cohort Study Using Primary Health Care Electronic Records.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
- The Role of the Contextual Cohort to Resolve Some Challenges and Limitations of Comparisons in Pharmacoepidemiology.Drug safety · 2021Article
- Comparative safety of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination in patients with end-stage renal disease.Vaccine · 2020Article
- Comparative Effectiveness of High-Dose Versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine Among Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2020Article
- Supervised injection facility use and all-cause mortality among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada: A cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2019Article
- Restriction of Pharmacoepidemiologic Cohorts to Initiators of Medications in Unrelated Preventive Drug Classes to Reduce Confounding by Frailty in Older Adults.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Assessing Residual Bias in Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Comparison of High-dose Versus Standard-dose Vaccines.Medical care · 2019Article
- Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: retrospective cohort study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2018Article
- Approaches to Address Premature Death of Patients When Assessing Patterns of Use of Health Care Services After an Index Event.Medical care · 2018Article
- Comparing methods to address bias in observational data: statin use and cardiovascular events in a US cohort.International journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Controlling confounding by frailty when estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness using predictors of dependency in activities of daily living.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2017Article
- Adverse Events Associated with Antipsychotic Use in Hospitalized Older Adults After Cardiac Surgery.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2017Article
- Statins and new-onset atrial fibrillation in a cohort of patients with hypertension. Analysis of electronic health records, 2006-2015.PloS one · 2017Article
- Use and Interpretation of Propensity Scores in Aging Research: A Guide for Clinical Researchers.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2016Review
- Comparative effectiveness of postoperative chemotherapy among older patients with non-metastatic rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy.Journal of geriatric oncology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Nonexperimental studies of preventive interventions are often biased because of the healthy-user effect and, in frail populations, because of confounding by functional status. Bias is evident when estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness, even after adjustment for claims-based indicators of illness. We explored bias reduction methods while estimating vaccine effectiveness in a cohort of adult hemodialysis patients. Using the United States Renal Data System and linked data from a commercial dialysis provider, we estimated vaccine effectiveness using a Cox proportional hazards marginal structural model of all-cause mortality before and during 3 influenza seasons in 2005/2006 through 2007/2008. To improve confounding control, we added frailty indicators to the model, measured time-varying confounders at different time intervals, and restricted the sample in multiple ways. Crude and baseline-adjusted marginal structural models remained strongly biased. Restricting to a healthier population removed some unmeasured confounding; however, this reduced the sample size, resulting in wide confidence intervals. We estimated an influenza vaccine effectiveness of 9% (hazard ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.72, 1.15) when bias was minimized through cohort restriction. In this study, the healthy-user bias could not be controlled through statistical adjustment; however, sample restriction reduced much of the bias.
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