ArticleMolecular ecology2015
Contemporary evolution of resistance at the major insecticide target site gene Ace-1 by mutation and copy number variation in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
Article in Molecular ecology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneous duplication and point mutation of ace-1 confer organophosphates and carbamates resistance to Anopheles sinensis field populations in Guizhou Province, China.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial heterogeneity drives the evolution of fungicide resistance inScience advances · 2026Article
- Population genomics reveal multiple independent origins of pesticide resistance in the polyphagous pest, Tetranychus urticae.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Genomic surveillance reveals geographical heterogeneity and differences in known and novel insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis across Kenya.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Genome Structural Variants Shape Adaptive Success of an Invasive Urban Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Omics Approaches in Understanding Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Susceptibility profile of Anopheles and target site resistance mechanism against organophosphates in Cameroon.PloS one · 2025Article
- Resistance Management for Cancer: Lessons from Farmers.Cancer research · 2024Review
- Mechanisms of transcriptional regulation inProceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Despite structural identity, ace-1 heterogenous duplication resistance alleles are quite diverse in Anopheles mosquitoes.Heredity · 2024Article
- Biting behaviour, spatio-temporal dynamics, and the insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in different ecological zones in Ghana.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Genomic surveillance of Anopheles mosquitoes on the Bijagós Archipelago using custom targeted amplicon sequencing identifies mutations associated with insecticide resistance.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Ace-1 Target Site Status and Metabolic Detoxification Associated with Bendiocarb Resistance in the Field Populations of Main Malaria Vector,Journal of arthropod-borne diseases · 2023Article
- Micro and macroevolution of sea anemone venom phenotype.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Widespread occurrence of copy number variants and fixation of pyrethroid target site resistance inCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2023Article
- Sympatric Recombination in Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Leads to Emergence of Populations with Modified Host Preference.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- Geographical distribution and origin of acetylcholinesterase mutations conferring acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae populations from Turkey.Experimental & applied acarology · 2022Article
- Sequence variation and regulatory variation in acetylcholinesterase genes contribute to insecticide resistance in different populations ofEcology and evolution · 2021Article
- Review
- A survey of insecticide resistance-conferring mutations in multiple targets in Anopheles sinensis populations across Sichuan, China.Parasites & vectors · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Functionally constrained genes are ideal insecticide targets because disruption is often fatal, and resistance mutations are typically costly. Synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an essential neurotransmission enzyme targeted by insecticides used increasingly in malaria control. In Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes, a glycine-serine substitution at codon 119 of the Ace-1 gene confers both resistance and fitness costs, especially for 119S/S homozygotes. G119S in Anopheles gambiae from Accra (Ghana) is strongly associated with resistance, and, despite expectations of cost, resistant 119S alleles are increasing significantly in frequency. Sequencing of Accra females detected only a single Ace-1 119S haplotype, whereas 119G diversity was high overall but very low at non-synonymous sites, evidence of strong purifying selection driven by functional constraint. Flanking microsatellites showed reduced diversity, elevated linkage disequilibrium and high differentiation of 119S, relative to 119G homozygotes across up to two megabases of the genome. Yet these signals of selection were inconsistent and sometimes weak tens of kilobases from Ace-1. This unexpected finding is attributable to apparently ubiquitous amplification of 119S alleles as part of a large copy number variant (CNV) far exceeding the size of the Ace-1 gene, whereas 119G alleles were unduplicated. Ace-1 CNV was detectable in archived samples collected when the 119S allele was rare in Ghana. Multicopy amplification of resistant alleles has not been observed previously and is likely to underpin the recent increase in 119S frequency. The large CNV compromised localization of the strong selective sweep around Ace-1, emphasizing the need to integrate CNV analysis into genome scans for selection.
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