ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2015
Evidence of injection drug use in Kisumu, Kenya: Implications for HIV prevention.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually transmitted infection prevalence and testing coverage among people who inject drugs: A systematic review.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of substance use among people living with HIV in the East African region: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus among intravenous drug users: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Virologica Sinica · 2017Pooled it
- HIV risk and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Nairobi: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Profile of risk factors for people who inject drugs among a sample at high risk of HIV/AIDS in Kigali, Rwanda.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2026Article
- The burden of unlawful use of opioid and associated epidemiological characteristics in Africa: A scoping review.PloS one · 2025Article
- Poly-drug use among female and male commercial sex workers visiting a drop in centre in Mombasa County, Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Rapid situational assessment of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Nairobi and coastal regions of Kenya: a respondent driven sampling survey.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Population estimation and harm reduction among people who inject drugs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Harm reduction journal · 2020Article
- Determinants of Women's Drug Use During Pregnancy: Perspectives from a Qualitative Study.Maternal and child health journal · 2020Article
- Sharing Research, Building Possibility: Reflecting on Research with Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya.Human organization · 2020Article
- Depression, injecting drug use, and risky sexual behavior syndemic among women who inject drugs in Kenya: a cross-sectional survey.Harm reduction journal · 2019Article
- HIV risk behaviours among women who inject drugs in coastal Kenya: findings from secondary analysis of qualitative data.Harm reduction journal · 2019Article
- You can't do this job when you are sober: Heroin use among female sex workers and the need for comprehensive drug treatment programming in Kenya.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Article
- The Opioid Epidemic in Africa And Its Impact.Current addiction reports · 2018Article
- Substance use and universal access to HIV testing and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: implications and research priorities.Journal of virus eradication · 2018Article
- Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users.BMC public health · 2018Article
- Human immunodeficiency virus infection predictors and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infections among drug users in three major Kenyan cities.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2018Article
- A Qualitative Study of Substance use during Pregnancy: Implications for Reproductive Healthcare in Western Kenya.African journal of reproductive health · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInjection drug use is increasingly contributing to the HIV epidemic across sub-Saharan Africa. This paper provides the first descriptive analysis of injection drug use in western Kenya, where HIV prevalence is already highest in the nation at 15.1%.
methodsWe draw on quantitative data from a study of injection drug use in Kisumu, Kenya. We generated descriptive statistics on socio-demographics, sexual characteristics, and drug-related behaviors. Logistic regression models were adjusted for sex to identify correlates of self-reported HIV positive status.
resultsOf 151 participants, mean age was 28.8 years, 84% (n = 127) were male, and overall self-reported HIV prevalence reached 19.4%. Women had greater than four times the odds of being HIV positive relative to men (Odds Ratio [OR] 4.5, CI: 1.7, 11.8, p = .003). Controlling for sex, ever experiencing STI symptoms (Adjusted Odds ratio [AOR] 4.6, 95% CI 1.7, 12.0, p = .002) and sharing needles or syringes due to lack of access (AOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2, 10.5, p = .02) were significantly associated with HIV positive status. Lower education (AOR 2.3, 95% CI 0.9, 5.6, p=.08), trading sex for drugs (AOR 2.8, 95% CI 0.9, 8.8, p = .08), being injected by a peddler (AOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.0, 8.5, p = .05), and injecting heroin (AOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0, 5.7, p = .06), were marginally associated with HIV.
conclusionsThis exploratory study identified patterns of unsafe drug injection and concurrent sexual risk in western Kenya, yet few resources are currently available to address addiction or injection-related harm. Expanded research, surveillance, and gender sensitive programming are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.