ArticleJournal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)2015
Selective optogenetic stimulation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in sleeping rats activates breathing without changing blood pressure or causing arousal or sighs.
Article in Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Astrocyte activation in the ventrolateral medulla modulates breathing and arousal states.Nature communications · 2026Article
- AMPK facilitates the hypoxic ventilatory response through non-adrenergic mechanisms at the brainstem.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2023Article
- Descending pathways from the superior colliculus mediating autonomic and respiratory effects associated with orienting behaviour.The Journal of physiology · 2022Article
- Chemogenetic activation of noradrenergic A5 neurons increases blood pressure and visceral sympathetic activity in adult rats.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Medullary astrocytes mediate irregular breathing patterns generation in chronic heart failure through purinergic P2X7 receptor signalling.EBioMedicine · 2022Article
- The psychophysiology of the sigh: I: The sigh from the physiological perspective.Biological psychology · 2022Review
- Potential Role of the Retrotrapezoid Nucleus in Mediating Cardio-Respiratory Dysfunction in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- The sigh and related behaviors.Handbook of clinical neurology · 2022Review
- Central respiratory chemoreception.Handbook of clinical neurology · 2022Review
- Chemoreceptor mechanisms regulating COThe Journal of physiology · 2021Review
- COInterface focus · 2021Review
- Differential Contribution of the Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and C1 Neurons to Active Expiration and Arousal in Rats.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2020Article
- Connexin26 mediates COCommunications biology · 2020Article
- Article
- Breathing regulation and blood gas homeostasis after near complete lesions of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in adult rats.The Journal of physiology · 2018Article
- The Role Of Parafacial Neurons In The Control Of Breathing During Exercise.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Article
- Role of A5 noradrenergic neurons in the chemoreflex control of respiratory and sympathetic activities in unanesthetized conditions.Neuroscience · 2017Article
- Microcircuits in respiratory rhythm generation: commonalities with other rhythm generating networks and evolutionary perspectives.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Combined optogenetic activation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN; a CO2/proton-activated brainstem nucleus) with nearby catecholaminergic neurons (C1 and A5), or selective C1 neuron stimulation, increases blood pressure (BP) and breathing, causes arousal from non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and triggers sighs. Here we wished to determine which of these physiological responses are elicited when RTN neurons are selectively activated. The left rostral RTN and nearby A5 neurons were transduced with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2(+)) using a lentiviral vector. Very few C1 cells were transduced. BP, breathing, EEG, and neck EMG were monitored. During non-REM sleep, photostimulation of ChR2(+) neurons (20s, 2-20 Hz) instantly increased V̇e without changing BP (13 rats). V̇e and BP were unaffected by light in nine control (ChR2(-)) rats. Photostimulation produced no sighs and caused arousal (EEG desynchronization) more frequently in ChR2(+) than ChR2(-) rats (62 ± 5% of trials vs. 25 ± 2%; P < 0.0001). Six ChR2(+) rats then received spinal injections of a saporin-based toxin that spared RTN neurons but destroyed surrounding catecholaminergic neurons. Photostimulation of the ChR2(+) neurons produced the same ventilatory stimulation before and after lesion, but arousal was no longer elicited. Overall (all ChR2(+) rats combined), ΔV̇e correlated with the number of ChR2(+) RTN neurons whereas arousal probability correlated with the number of ChR2(+) catecholaminergic neurons. In conclusion, RTN neurons activate breathing powerfully and, unlike the C1 cells, have minimal effects on BP and have a weak arousal capability at best. A5 neuron stimulation produces little effect on breathing and BP but does appear to facilitate arousal.
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