SynthesisPsychological medicine2015
Co-morbid psychiatric disorders among incarcerated ADHD populations: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Psychological medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug use among people in prison: A global review of epidemiology, harms and interventions.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Pooled it
- A Remedy for Crime? A Systematic Review on the Effects of Pharmacological ADHD Treatment on Criminal Recidivism and Rehabilitation in Inmates With ADHD.Brain and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2023Guideline
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, type of offending and recidivism in a prison population: The role of substance dependence.Criminal behaviour and mental health : CBMH · 2017Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adolescents.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2016Trial
- Review
- Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay: prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations of ADHD traits, sleep/circadian factors, depression and quality of life.BMJ mental health · 2025Article
- Article
- The need for speed? Exploring the risks and benefits of pharmacological treatment for adult ADHD in prisons.Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law · 2024Article
- Prevalence of and Gender Differences in Psychiatric Disorders among Juvenile Detainees in South Korea: A Comparative Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Medical Expenditures Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Adults in the United States by Age, 2015-2019.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Article
- Screening for ADHD Symptoms among Criminal Offenders: Exploring the Association with Clinical Features.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Exploring the mental healthcare needs of Swiss pre-trial detainees: A pilot investigation of an on-site psychiatric day clinic.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Management of ADHD in Prisoners-Evidence Gaps and Reasons for Caution.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Assessment and treatment of substance use in adults with ADHD: a psychological approach.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2021Review
- ADHD and offending.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2021Review
- Methylphenidate in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Long-Term Follow up Naturalistic Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus.BMC medicine · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRates of psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent among prison inmates, and recent evidence confirms over-representation of youths and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The risk for psychiatric co-morbidity may be greater among offenders with ADHD. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of reported rates of co-existing psychiatric morbidity with ADHD in prison samples.
methodStudies published from 1980 to 2015 were identified using five bibliographic indexes, review articles and reference lists. Included studies had a defined ADHD group and provided additional prevalence on at least one of the following: conduct disorder, substance use disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or personality disorder. We performed meta-analytical estimates of the prevalence of each co-morbid disorder within ADHD, and estimated the risk for co-existing disorders among prisoners with ADHD by pooling odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.
resultsEighteen studies with data for 1615 with ADHD and 3128 without ADHD were included. The risk (OR) of all psychiatric morbidity is increased among adult inmates with ADHD. Associations in youths with ADHD were restricted to mood disorder (OR 1.89, 95% confidence interval 1.09-3.28).
conclusionsThis study quantifies the extent of co-morbidity presented by offenders with ADHD, especially adults. The differences between risk estimates for youths and adults indicate an incremental effect in both frequency and severity for the development of further co-morbid pathology through adulthood. The findings have implications for clinical intervention and for criminal justice policy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.